Reclamation of Polluted Soil: Phytoremediation Potential of Crop-Related BRASSICA Species

Soils polluted by heavy metals can be reclaimed using a number of expensive tactics that either remove the contaminants or stabilize them within the soil. The value of metal accumulating plants for environmental remediation has recently been appreciated and promising results have been obtained. This paper reports a study on the behavior of Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus and Brassica carinata grown on a substrate contaminated by several heavy metals caused by the use of contaminated irrigation water. Data on carbon dioxide assimilation, biomass growth and the bioconcentration and translocation factor of each metal in each species were measured. The polluted substrate caused only a small variation in photosynthesis, however transpiration was more affected by the experimental substrate and in all three species of the genus Brassica the presence of metals in the substrate resulted in higher transpiration levels.Two bioconcentration factors were calculated respectively for the roots (BCF) and the shoots (BCF); the BCF was >1 for all the species for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn without significant differences among species. All the values of BCF were lower than 0.5; among the metals, all Brassica species demonstrated a similar performance for Cd and Zn, whereas for other elements the bioconcentration factor was very low.     

3种浮床植物对关中地区2种污染源涝池水体净化效率研究

基于对植物修复空间特异性的理解,针对联通关中水系的涝池近年来出现的水体富营养化和黑臭现象,选取常见浮床植物美人蕉、水菖蒲和西伯利亚鸢尾,通过室外水培试验,探究其对涝池污染原水的净化效果,试验共持续35天。结果表明:(1)试验结束时,3种植物在株高、根长生物量均有显著增加,增长率表现为美人蕉水菖蒲西伯利亚鸢尾。(2)美人蕉、水菖蒲和西伯利亚鸢尾对水体中TN的平均去除率分别为56.18%,52.17%,60.76%,均显著高于对照组(P0.05);美人蕉和水菖蒲对水体中TP平均去除率分别为55.42%和58.32%,均显著高于对照组(P0.05),而西伯利亚鸢尾组与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),此外美人蕉和水菖蒲还能起到调节水体pH和DO的作用。(3)3种植物对水体中NH_3—N的平均去除率分别为76.98%,65.71%,78.94%,其中美人蕉组和水菖蒲组NH_3—N的主要去除途径为植物吸收和硝化反应,西伯利亚鸢尾组NH_3—N的主要去除途径主要是氨的挥发和硝化反应等,而对照组NH_3—N去除率高达60.55%的主要原因是氨的挥发;植物组及对照组中NO_3~-—N浓度随时间均呈现增加趋势,主要与各试验组中水体硝化反应及植物吸收效率的差异性有关。(4)3种植物中,水菖蒲适用于点源和面源2种污染源涝池水体的净化,美人蕉只适合用于面源污染涝池水体的净化,而西伯利亚鸢尾净化能力较差,生长适应性差,不适宜作为水生浮床植物推广。研究结果为涝池污染水体修复的浮床植物选择提供参考。     

Aspects of phytoremediation of organic pollutants

Phytoremediation is a quite novel technique to clean polluted soils using plants. In theory, phytoremediation methods are cheap, are accepted by the public and, compared to physical or chemical approaches, are ecologically advantageous. Until today, however, there are only a few examples of successful applications. One reason is that the processes involved are complex, and a full clean up may require many years. Plants affect the water balance of a site, they change redox potential and pH, and stimulate microbial activity of the soil. These indirect influences may accelerate degradation in the root zone or reduce leaching of compounds to groundwater. Compounds taken up into plants may be metabolised, accumulated, or volatilised into air. Based on these processes, several phytoremediation methods have been developed: Phytoextraction, rhizofiltra-tion, phytostabilisation, rhizo and phytodegradation, pump and tree, land farming, phytovolatilisation, hydraulic control and more. Already in use are plants (and here willow, poplar and grass) for the degradation of petroleum products, aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), chlorinated solvents, explosives and cyanides. However, phytotoxicity and pollutant mass balances were rarely documented. Often, the success of the projects was not controlled, and only estimates can be made about the applicability and the potential of phytoremediation. This lack of experience about possibilities and limitations seems to be a hindrance for a broader use of these techniques.     

Mechanisms of cadmium accumulation in rice grains and molecular breeding for its reduction

ABSTRACT

Cadmium (Cd) has an important impact on agriculture, as the excessive consumption of this element from contaminated food crops leads to toxicity in humans. Rice is the greatest source of dietary Cd intake in populations consuming rice as a staple food. Therefore, reducing the Cd concentration of rice grains for diminishing the potential risk of Cd for human health is a major challenge. This review summarizes the main achievements on Cd accumulation in rice by our research group. Using a positron-emitting tracer imaging system, we succeeded to visualize differences in real-time Cd dynamics from roots to panicles in rice varieties with different Cd accumulation abilities. Several loci or genes responsible for Cd accumulation in rice were found through quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis. Using the QTL qCdp7 responsible for efficiently extracting Cd from paddy soils, practical rice varieties for Cd-phytoextraction were developed by DNA marker-assisted breeding. A rice variety named ‘Koshihikari Kan No.1? carrying a mutant allele of OsNramp5 for reducing Cd concentration in rice grains was produced by mutant breeding with ion-beams, and breeding programs have been implemented to transfer this allele into many Japanese rice varieties by DNA marker-assisted breeding. Growing low-Cd varieties aerobically would be a feasible way to simultaneously reduce inorganic arsenic and Cd concentrations in rice grains. These results provide basis for reducing Cd concentration in rice through breeding new varieties.     

苎麻在镉污染土壤修复中的研究进展

苎麻(Boehmeria nivea L.)是一种对土壤中镉(Cd)污染极具清除潜力的纤维作物。综述了苎麻在土壤镉污染修复中的最新研究进展。研究表明,苎麻虽然不是重金属超积累植物,但是它对镉表现出较强的吸收能力和耐受性,且品种间Cd耐受性差异显著;添加螯合剂,可显著增强苎麻对Cd的吸收和积累能力。目前,对苎麻耐Cd性强的相关机制仍不甚了解。因此,镉胁迫下苎麻的生理响应和基因表达、耐Cd基因的挖掘和鉴定、相关转基因苎麻的研究和应用等必将成为今后研究的重点。     

几种植物对城市尾水中重金属的去除效果研究

为了筛选适合吸收城市尾水中重金属的植物品种,研究了酸模(Rumex acetosa L.)、莎草(Cyperus glomeratus L.)和空心菜(Ipomiea aquatica Forsk)3种植物对城市尾水中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的去除效果,并以酸模为材料,研究其对人工模拟重金属Cd和Pb污染水体的适应性。结果表明:酸模、莎草、空心菜3种植物对城市尾水中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的去除率分别为74.33%、60.43%、45.45%、36.43%,其中酸模对重金属的去除效果最好,其次是莎草和空心菜。酸模对尾水中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的去除率分别达到了86.63%、90.37%、76.81%、66.67%。Cd和Pb含量分别在0.5～2.0mg/L和0.2～0.4mg/L时酸模有较好的耐性。因此,酸模更适合于城市尾水中重金属的吸收修复,且对一定质量浓度Cd和Pb表现出较好的去除效果。     

Pb胁迫对红椿（Toona ciliata Roem）生长发育及Pb富集特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了酸性紫色土、钙质紫色土和冲积土上生长的一年生红椿实生苗暴露在不同浓度Pb胁迫(O、200、450mg·kg-1和2 000 mg·kg-1)条件下的叶长、叶面积、生物量、各器官Pb含量特征和富集程度,并分析了红椿对Pb污染的耐性和转移效率.3种土壤下红椿都能生长,但相同浓度Pb胁迫下其在钙质紫色土中生长状况最佳,在冲积土中生长状况最差.随Pb浓度增大红椿叶片生长受到明显抑制,当土壤中Pb浓度在2 000 mg· kg-1时,其叶长和叶面积与对照差异极显著(P＜O.01);Pb胁迫使得红椿根茎比发生明显的变化,还加大其叶的凋落程度,同时整株生物量随着Pb胁迫浓度的增大呈极显著降低趋势(P＜0.01),但在土壤Pb浓度最大时其生物量仍达到对照的81.47％以上.红椿体内Pb含量与土壤Pb浓度成正相关(P＜0.01),其6个器官中细根Pb含量最高,粗根次之,而地上部分的Pb含量较低且差异不大.红椿耐性指数值在0.67～1.06之间,表现为随Pb胁迫浓度增大,其耐性呈下降趋势.红椿富集系数与转移系数都较小且小于0.3.这些结果表明,红椿能在Pb污染较严重的土壤中较好的生存,可作为Pb污染区域潜在的土壤修复树种.     

Pb胁迫对欧美杂交杨（Populus deltoides×Populus nigra）生物量分配格局及其Pb富集特性的影响

采用速生树种修复重金属污染土壤的方法近年来受到越来越多关注,但已有结果存在很大不确定性。为了解杨树在不同Pb胁迫条件下生长响应和Pb富集效果,以长江上游两种典型土壤(酸性紫色土和钙质紫色土)为栽培介质,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同Pb浓度处理下(CK:0mg·kg-1;T1:200mg·kg-1;T2:450mg·kg-1;T3:2000mg·kg-1)欧美杂交杨(Populus deltoides×Populusnigra)生物量生产与分配格局以及Pb吸收、富集特性。两种土壤条件下杨树各器官生物量及总生物量均表现出随Pb胁迫程度的增加而降低的趋势,Pb胁迫条件下杨树生物量分配格局在钙质紫色土中表现为茎>粗根>叶>细根。相同浓度Pb处理条件下,单株杨树总生物量均表现为钙质紫色土大于酸性紫色土。随着Pb处理浓度的增大,杨树各器官Pb含量及积累量显著增加。Pb胁迫使杨树对Pb的富集系数逐渐增大而耐性系数逐渐减小。T3处理条件下杨树对Pb的富集系数在酸性紫色土中较大,且各处理条件下杨树对Pb的耐性系数均为酸性紫色土中较大。这些结果表明,高浓度Pb胁迫条件下酸性紫色土中的欧美杂交杨表现出较好的吸收和富集Pb的特性,这为Pb污染土壤的生物修复提供了一定的科学依据。     

在积累镉油菜后茬种植白菜可否减少其对镉的吸收?

Rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.), a Cd-accumulating crop, is effective in reducing plant-available Cd from soil. A pot experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the Cd uptake by Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr.) grown in rotation with rapeseed would be reduced due to the efficient removal of bioavailable Cd from soil solution by the rapeseed crops. The Cd removal by shoot for the rapeseed cultivar Zhucang Huazi ranged from 0.24% to 0.99% in natural Cd-contaminated soil (soil A) and from 0.63% to 1.23% in artificial Cd-contaminated soil (soil B) during the growth period of 4–7 weeks; whereas that for the rapeseed cultivar Chuanyou II-93 ranged from 0.25% to 0.66% and from 0.38% to 1.02%, respectively. Chinese cabbage grown in the pots with soil A for five weeks after harvesting rapeseed exhibited a significantly lower Cd concentration compared to that grown in the control pots (uncropped with rapeseed). However, the rotation of rapeseed did not lower the Cd concentration of Chinese cabbage on soil B. Although an increase of Cd uptake was observed in the rapeseed cultivars with growth time, and the decrease of soil NH 4 OAc-extractable Cd was found only in the natural rather than artificial Cd-contaminated soil.     

镉污染土壤伴矿景天的萃取强化-螯合剂和植物激素的叶面调控

为提高Cd超富集植物伴矿景天(Sedum plumbizicola)的植物萃取能力,采用盆栽试验研究螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和植物激素脱落酸(ABA)单独和联合作用的叶面调控对伴矿景天生长和Cd吸收转运的影响,并通过大田试验进行验证。结果表明:盆栽试验叶面喷施EDTA、ABA均能提高伴矿景天对Cd的转运,地下部至地上部的Cd转运系数为EDTA＞ABA,但叶面EDTA处理对生长旺盛期伴矿景天的生长有抑制。伴矿景天各部位Cd富集浓度差异很大,呈现新叶＞地下部＞茎＞老叶,新叶中Cd浓度是老叶的3.6~5.4倍,且主要富集在细胞壁和细胞器中,占总富集量的88%~94%。EDTA处理新叶细胞器中Cd浓度剧增,ABA处理新叶细胞壁中Cd浓度增加,ABA和EDTA联合使用可以缓解EDTA对生长的抑制,且更有利于Cd从根系向地上部转运。大田小区试验叶面诱导强化伴矿景天Cd萃取是可行的,ABA和EDTA联合处理显著增加伴矿景天总Cd积累量,增幅达到37.87%。研究结果为伴矿景天修复Cd污染土壤提供理论指导。