珠江三角洲不同污染梯度下森林优势种叶片和枝条S含量比较

植物的吸储作用对降低环境中含硫污染物浓度有积极意义。筛选珠江三角洲地区具有不同污染程度的3处森林类型,检测了32个树种叶片和枝条中的总S含量(其中广州市白云区帽峰山次生常绿阔叶林16个树种,广州市南沙区海岸防护人工林11个树种,佛山市顺德区龙凤山人工改造恢复林5个树种)。结果显示:该32个物种的叶片和枝条中硫含量平均值分别为(0.24±0.02)%和(0.14±0.02)%,叶片硫含量显著高于枝条中的(P=0.000)。相同森林类型不同物种间叶片(和枝条)中硫含量呈现显著差异。帽峰山和南沙森林样地中优势种叶片(和枝条)中硫含量近似,分别为(0.22±0.01)%和(0.22±0.02)%(枝条:(0.13±0.01)%和(0.10±0.01)%);而龙凤山的最高,叶片和枝条中分别为(0.39±0.13)%和(0.28±0.09)%;多重检验结果显示,在龙凤山森林类型植物体吸储硫元素的量,显著大于帽峰山和南沙森林类型,这与不同森林类型所处空气环境中S污染物格局较为吻合。在近缘类群中(如豆科、樟科),叶片(和枝条)中硫含量的差异显著,暗示近缘植物类群(在科的水平上)在吸储硫元素方面受系统发育约束作用不明显。在本土树种和引进树种中,叶片(和枝条)中硫含量没有显著差异,可能与所处环境的过滤作用相关。广州和佛山地区各林型的植物体内硫含量存在的差异,基本反映出该两地区空气环境中受含硫污染物的影响程度。今后在该地区的造林过程中,应更多考虑应用S污染物吸储能力较强的树种,并注重本土树种和引进树种的组配,构建适应当地环境条件的森林群落。     

陕北黄土高原不同植物对石油污染物的吸收与积累

【目的】分析陕北黄土高原不同石油开采区土壤石油污染状况,并比较了研究区主要植物对石油污染物的吸收情况。【方法】在野外调查的基础上,采用重量法测定了3个采样区(安塞萝卜地、延长严家湾西山和东山)土壤中总石油烃的含量,分析了当地主要草本和木本植物对石油污染物的吸收情况。【结果】研究区土壤石油污染状况比较严重,石油污染物多集中于0～20cm土层。随着土壤中总石油烃含量的增加,大部分草本植物体内的总石油烃含量也增大。当土壤中总石油烃含量低于10 000mg/kg时,大部分植物体内的总石油烃含量高于土壤。狗娃花、冰草、梭草茎叶中的总石油烃含量高于根,而铁杆蒿、黄蒿和无芒雀麦根部的总石油烃含量高于茎叶。冰草、铁杆蒿对总石油烃的转移和富集系数均大于1。沙棘和紫穗槐各部位的总石油烃含量为叶>枝、根,而狼牙刺则为枝>根>叶。3种木本植物对总石油烃的转移和富集能力由高到低为狼牙刺>沙棘>紫穗槐。【结论】冰草、铁杆蒿、沙棘和狼牙刺对总石油烃的转移和富集能力均较强,是当地石油污染土壤修复的优势耐性植物。     

油菜-海州香薷轮作修复铜镉复合污染土壤：大田试验

通过高积累镉油菜与高积累铜植物海州香薷轮作的田间试验,研究了镉铜复合污染土壤上植物轮作对重金属的吸收累积规律以及修复效率。结果发现：在镉铜复合污染土壤上,油菜-海州香薷轮作体系中,油菜地上部的生物量达到7.67 t·hm-2,籽粒产量1.59 t·hm-2,但是籽粒中镉和铜含量超过标准限值90%和33%。油菜-海州香薷轮作体系,植物地上部吸收积累的镉和铜总量分别为35.16 g·hm-2和400.68 g·hm-2,其中油菜对镉积累的贡献占83%,海州香薷对铜积累的贡献占73%。轮作体系中植物对镉和铜的提取效率分别为0.2%和0.07%。研究结果表明,油菜与海州香薷轮作不适用于该铜镉重度复合污染土壤,不仅油菜籽粒达不到食品卫生标准的要求,而且土壤修复的年限比较长。     

Seedling Growth of Agronomic Crops in Crude Oil Contaminated Soil

Phytoremediation of hydrocarbon‐contaminated soil shows promise as a low‐cost alternative to most remediation methods. This study evaluated seedling growth of six crop species in crude oil contaminated soils. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. Weathered crude oil was added to an Ipava silt loam soil at the rate of 0 (control), 10, 50 and 100 g of crude oil kg^?1 of soil, which was then placed into pots. Irrigation was used to maintain soil moisture at approximately field capacity. Five seeds of Zea mays, Meticago sativa, Lolium perenne, Triticum aestivum, Glycine max or Vicia villosa were sown per pot. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replications per treatment. Germination and seedling height data were recorded on day 7, 14, 21 and 28. Plants were harvested on day 28, separated into shoots and roots and dried to measure biomass. Analysis of variance was used to determine treatment significance. Significant treatment mean values were separated using Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference Test. Based upon percent emergence and plant biomass production in contaminated soil, Z. mays and G. max seedlings show the greatest potential to enhance remediation.     

早开堇菜对镉污染的耐性及其富集特征

为研究早开堇菜(Viola prionantha)对镉(Cd)的耐性及其对Cd的富集特征,使用盆栽方法对早开堇菜进行不同浓度水平Cd处理。结果表明,低浓度Cd(≤10 mg·kg-1)促进早开堇菜的生长。当Cd浓度为5 mg·kg-1时,早开堇菜植株地下部分、地上部分生物量显著高于对照(P0.05),达到最大。随Cd处理浓度的升高,其叶绿素含量逐渐下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升高后降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量则先下降后上升。当Cd处理浓度≤10 mg·kg-1时,SOD、POD、CAT表现出较高的活性,与对照无Cd处理相比,MDA含量未显著增加(P0.05),叶绿素合成也未受到显著抑制,说明早开堇菜对Cd污染有较强的耐性。本研究中,早开堇菜对Cd的富集系数和转运系数均大于1.0。当Cd处理浓度为5 mg·kg-1时,早开堇菜植株地上部Cd含量为113.083 mg·kg-1,达到了Cd超富集植物的筛选标准。因此,早开堇菜在修复Cd污染土壤方面具有一定的潜在应用价值。     

去污和苗圃功能兼具的美人蕉漂浮植物修复系统研究

利用泡沫塑料作为漂浮栽培系统在猪场氧化塘废水中种植美人蕉，通过根系的吸收和吸附等作用，去除废水中的N、P元素，降低废水中的COD_Cr浓度，并通过美人蕉在猪场废水中快速生长的特性，来探讨美人蕉对废水的净化效果和修复系统作为快速育苗的苗圃的可行性。结果表明，美人蕉在猪场废水中生长良好，生物量大，根系发达，经美人蕉漂浮栽培之后废水中的N、P元素去除效果显著，废水中总氮、总磷和COD_Cr的去除率均在90%左右，每株美人蕉在废水中生长35 d的平均分蘖数为2.5个，每年的分蘖数可达20～25个，是作为苗圃快速育苗的良好方法。     

镉污染土壤根际环境的调节与植物修复研究进展

简要回顾了近年来土壤镉污染现状,介绍了根际环境的调节作用、镉污染土壤的植物修复技术的类型、特点及植物修复情况,并对今后植物修复发展前景作了进一步展望,为实现对镉污染土壤进行有效的生态整治与安全高效益的利用提供了新的技术途径。     

Measures of Vegetation Restoration in Abandoned Mined Lands

By 2004, the occupied and disturbed land area had reached 3.393 million ha by mining, of which forest land took 532 000 ha; In addition, mining also caused 3.721 million -5.316 million ha of degraded forests and woodlands. The impact of mining on environment is multi-fold and deep. Thus it is necessary and significant to approach effective methods to speed up vegetation restoration in abandoned mined lands. Phytoremediation is a relatively new technology (in the lastest decade) and the numbers of plant spec...     

Cultivation of the Indian fig Opuntia in selenium-rich drainage sediments under field conditions

Growing selenium (Se)-biofortified alternative crops in saline and Se-contaminated agricultural land in arid/semi-arid regions, such as the western United States, depends upon the plant’s ability to tolerate high salinity and accumulate Se. In this field study, we evaluated the ability of five prickly pear cactus clones [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., no. 243, 248, 250, 252, and 255] to grow, accumulate and volatilize Se from drainage sediment high in sulphate salinity (∼5 dS/m), soluble B (∼5 mg/L) and Se concentrations (∼0.8 mg/L). After 3 years of growth, all clones exhibited significant decreases up to 20% in height and fruit production compared with control clones. Mean Se concentrations (mg/kg DM) ranged from 4.9 to 9.8 in cladodes, 1.5–2.5 in fruit flesh, and 4.5–10.1 in seeds. Rates of Se volatilization varied from 20 to 80 μg Se/m² per day among the tested clones. The successful growth of prickly pear cactus and its accumulation and volatilization of Se under adverse soil conditions may provide growers with an alternative Se-biofortified crop in the westside of the San Joaquin Valley in central California.     

修复镉污染土壤的油菜品种的筛选及吸收累积特征研究--高积累镉油菜品种的筛选(Ⅰ)

研究从具有积累镉遗传背景的油菜种质资源中筛选高积累镉的油菜品种．以富集镉植物印度芥菜为参比，通过水培试验对22个油菜品种植株地上部相对生物量、地上部镉含量和植株吸镉量进行比较，筛选出高吸收累积镉油菜品种川油Ⅱ-10、白芥和绵阳蛮油菜。