不同氯化物对土壤铜活性的影响

采用室内培养方法研究了不同氯化物KCl、NH4Cl、MgCl2、CaCl2和FeCl3作为添加剂对土壤中铜的活性影响。结果表明,施用各种添加剂都可增加土壤中水溶态和交换态铜含量以增加土壤铜的活性,且随着投加的氯化物浓度的增加而增加,其中FeCl3对土壤铜的活化能力最强,而KCl对土壤铜的活化能力最弱。     

植物修复农田退水氮、磷污染研究进展

水环境污染是造成全球水资源水质性紧缺非常重要的因素。农业面源污染则是继工业源污染实施清洁生产得到有效治理之后水体污染主要的贡献者,特别是地表水中过量氮、磷的主要来源,受到越来越多的关注和重视。植物修复技术因其可以对受污染水体进行原位修复和避免二次污染等特点,逐渐被人们应用到污染水体的治理中。本文从植物修复农田退水氮、磷污染视角,综述了农田退水氮、磷在主要去除途径与影响因素方面所取得的研究进展,并针对植物修复农田退水实践中存在的问题,提出了继续强化植物组合对水污染负荷消减能力的研究,进一步扩展对植物的经济利用价值、生态景观价值和社会效益开展研究,以及深化植物修复从室内模拟到野外小区域示范、再到大区域的推广应用研究等建议,以期为进一步提升治理农田面源污染效果提供技术支撑。     

印度芥菜生理生化特性及其根区土壤中微生物对Cd胁迫的响应

通过盆栽试验研究了印度芥菜对土壤Cd污染的耐性及其生理生化特性响应。结果表明,印度芥菜对Cd胁迫表现了较强的耐性,在Cd添加量为0～200mg·kg-1的情况下,印度芥菜能够顺利发芽、生长,其生物量出现了先增后降的＂抛物线型＂变化规律,Cd主要影响其生殖生长,大量的Cd使印度芥菜延迟进入生育期。植株体内Cd浓度随土壤Cd浓度增加而升高,地上部可达7.824～102.672mg·kg-1,地下部可达0.374～191.910mg·kg-1。地上部富集系数呈逐渐降低的趋势,而地下部富集系数呈逐渐升高的趋势。转移系数为20.920～0.535,呈逐渐降低趋势。随着土壤Cd胁迫浓度的增加,印度芥菜3种酶活性均呈先增后降的＂抛物线型＂变化趋势,并且出现抗性酶活性高峰所对应的土壤Cd浓度相同,均为120mg·kg-1,在Cd高浓度水平下酶活性普遍受到抑制,在最高浓度处理时的酶活性均明显低于对照。根区土壤中微生物数量为细菌〉放线菌〉霉菌,随着Cd添加量的增加,土体内微生物的数量也增加,但当Cd添加量〉160mg·kg-1时,微生物数量下降。     

土壤中添加蚯蚓及秸秆对油菜积累镉的影响

采用盆栽试验,在不同镉(Cd)污染浓度的灰漠土中分别添加蚯蚓和新鲜秸秆,研究了添加蚯蚓和秸秆还田条件下油菜(Brassica rapa L.spp.Chinenesis)-土壤体系中Cd的分布情况.结果发现:(1)添蚯蚓可有效增加土壤中Cd向油菜体内转移;蚯蚓可以在Cd污染的土壤中生存,蚯蚓体内Cd浓度随土壤环境中Cd...     

东南景天提取污染土壤中锌的潜力研究

通过盆栽实验研究了两种生态型东南景天提取污染土壤中锌的能力,结果表明,超积累生态型东南景天具有很强的忍耐土壤中高浓度锌、铅和镉的能力,并能从土壤中吸收和转移大量锌到地上部,超积累生态型东南景天地上部的Zn含量为7062～9558mg／kg,非超积累生态型为256～407mg／kg,超积累生态型东南景天地上部的Zn总积累是非超积累生态型的4l～62倍。矿山土壤添加稻草后,促进了超积累生态型东南景天的生长,地上部生物量显著提高,且锌含量也明显增加。种植超积累生态型东南景天后土壤乙酸铵提取态锌有上升趋势,和种植前比较,在矿山土壤和污染土壤上分别增加了4．3％和9．4％,种植超积累生态型东南景天后土壤交换态锌和有机结合态锌明显增加,残渣态锌减少,而对非生态型,种植前后土壤中锌的化学形态没有什么变化。添加菜籽饼和稻草对两种土壤中Zn的化学形态转化均没有显著性影响,其原因有待进一步研究。这些研究结果表明,超积累生态型东南景天具有较强的修复锌污染土壤的潜力。     

Heavy‐metal mobilization and uptake by mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal willows (Salix × dasyclados)

Ectomycorrhizal fungi have been shown to affect metal transfer from the soil to the host plant, but the use of these fungi for increased phytoextraction of heavy metals has been scarcely investigated. Therefore, a two‐factorial pot experiment was conducted with Salix × dasyclados and (1) two contaminated soils with different concentrations of NH₄NO₃‐extractable metals and (2) two strains of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus (one strain originating from a noncontaminated site—Pax1, and another from a contaminated site—Pax2). The inoculation with Pax2 increased the phytoavailability of Cd in the soils. Inoculation with both fungal strains increased the stem and root biomass, but had no effect on metal concentrations in the stems. Decreased Cd and increased Cu concentrations were observed in the roots of inoculated willows. The inoculation with P. involutus increased Cd (up to 22%), Zn (up to 48%), and Cu content in the stems. Decreased Pb content (Cu and Pb content were always <1 mg per plant) occurred in the stems from plants at the soil with the higher concentration of NH₄NO₃‐extractable metals. Contrary to this, in the soil with lower concentrations of NH₄NO₃‐extractable metals, the inoculation had no significant effects on the total uptake of Zn and Cu and even caused decreased Cd (Pax2) and Pb (Pax1) contents in the stems. Strain Pax2 had higher colonization densities, but the plants had lower mycorrhizal dependencies in the contaminated soils than after inoculation with the strain Pax1. Generally, metal extractability in the soils substantially affected the mycorrhizal dependency and heavy‐metal uptake of the willows. We concluded, that the inoculation with P. involutus offers an opportunity to particularly increase the phytoextraction of Zn, but the metal extractability and fungal strain effects have to be tested.     

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Plants on Mn Mine Tailings

The Xiangtan Manganese （Mn） Mine in the middle of Hunan Province, China, has been mined since 1913 with mine tailings including excavated wastes, wastewater, and smelting wastes. A survey was conducted on the Mn mine tailing soils and eight plants on the Mn mine tailings. The concentrations of soil Mn, Pb, and Cd and the metal-enrichment traits of these eight plants were analyzed simultaneously. Exceptionally high concentrations of these three metals were found in the soils, especially on the tailing dam. Each plant investigated in this study accumulated the three heavy metals, but no hyperaccumulator of these metals was found. However, analysis indicated that Poa pratensis Linn., Gnaphalium affine D. Don, Pteris vittata L., Conyza canadensis （L.） Cronq., and Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. possessed specially good metalenrichment and metal-tolerant traits. P. pratensis, G. affine, and P. vittata were Pb-tolerant plants; and C. canadensis, P. pratensis, and G. affine were Cd-tolerant plants. P acinosa had a great tolerance to Mn, and it was a valuable plant for on-site phytoremediation. Phragmites communis Trin. was found to have high metal tolerance and economic benefit as a raw material for paper and should be considered for soil remediation. G. affine and C. canadensis had excessive accumulation of Mn and could be useful in phytoremediation. However, although P. pratensis was a good accumulator, it was not a suitable plant for soil remediation because its biomass was too little.     

Reclamation of Polluted Soil: Phytoremediation Potential of Crop-Related BRASSICA Species

Soils polluted by heavy metals can be reclaimed using a number of expensive tactics that either remove the contaminants or stabilize them within the soil. The value of metal accumulating plants for environmental remediation has recently been appreciated and promising results have been obtained. This paper reports a study on the behavior of Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus and Brassica carinata grown on a substrate contaminated by several heavy metals caused by the use of contaminated irrigation water. Data on carbon dioxide assimilation, biomass growth and the bioconcentration and translocation factor of each metal in each species were measured. The polluted substrate caused only a small variation in photosynthesis, however transpiration was more affected by the experimental substrate and in all three species of the genus Brassica the presence of metals in the substrate resulted in higher transpiration levels.Two bioconcentration factors were calculated respectively for the roots (BCF) and the shoots (BCF); the BCF was >1 for all the species for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn without significant differences among species. All the values of BCF were lower than 0.5; among the metals, all Brassica species demonstrated a similar performance for Cd and Zn, whereas for other elements the bioconcentration factor was very low.     

3种浮床植物对关中地区2种污染源涝池水体净化效率研究

基于对植物修复空间特异性的理解,针对联通关中水系的涝池近年来出现的水体富营养化和黑臭现象,选取常见浮床植物美人蕉、水菖蒲和西伯利亚鸢尾,通过室外水培试验,探究其对涝池污染原水的净化效果,试验共持续35天。结果表明:(1)试验结束时,3种植物在株高、根长生物量均有显著增加,增长率表现为美人蕉水菖蒲西伯利亚鸢尾。(2)美人蕉、水菖蒲和西伯利亚鸢尾对水体中TN的平均去除率分别为56.18%,52.17%,60.76%,均显著高于对照组(P0.05);美人蕉和水菖蒲对水体中TP平均去除率分别为55.42%和58.32%,均显著高于对照组(P0.05),而西伯利亚鸢尾组与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),此外美人蕉和水菖蒲还能起到调节水体pH和DO的作用。(3)3种植物对水体中NH_3—N的平均去除率分别为76.98%,65.71%,78.94%,其中美人蕉组和水菖蒲组NH_3—N的主要去除途径为植物吸收和硝化反应,西伯利亚鸢尾组NH_3—N的主要去除途径主要是氨的挥发和硝化反应等,而对照组NH_3—N去除率高达60.55%的主要原因是氨的挥发;植物组及对照组中NO_3~-—N浓度随时间均呈现增加趋势,主要与各试验组中水体硝化反应及植物吸收效率的差异性有关。(4)3种植物中,水菖蒲适用于点源和面源2种污染源涝池水体的净化,美人蕉只适合用于面源污染涝池水体的净化,而西伯利亚鸢尾净化能力较差,生长适应性差,不适宜作为水生浮床植物推广。研究结果为涝池污染水体修复的浮床植物选择提供参考。     

Aspects of phytoremediation of organic pollutants

Phytoremediation is a quite novel technique to clean polluted soils using plants. In theory, phytoremediation methods are cheap, are accepted by the public and, compared to physical or chemical approaches, are ecologically advantageous. Until today, however, there are only a few examples of successful applications. One reason is that the processes involved are complex, and a full clean up may require many years. Plants affect the water balance of a site, they change redox potential and pH, and stimulate microbial activity of the soil. These indirect influences may accelerate degradation in the root zone or reduce leaching of compounds to groundwater. Compounds taken up into plants may be metabolised, accumulated, or volatilised into air. Based on these processes, several phytoremediation methods have been developed: Phytoextraction, rhizofiltra-tion, phytostabilisation, rhizo and phytodegradation, pump and tree, land farming, phytovolatilisation, hydraulic control and more. Already in use are plants (and here willow, poplar and grass) for the degradation of petroleum products, aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), chlorinated solvents, explosives and cyanides. However, phytotoxicity and pollutant mass balances were rarely documented. Often, the success of the projects was not controlled, and only estimates can be made about the applicability and the potential of phytoremediation. This lack of experience about possibilities and limitations seems to be a hindrance for a broader use of these techniques.