狼尾草等6种植物对十溴联苯醚污染土壤的生理响应及其修复效果

考察了狼尾草、龙葵、空心菜、苣菜、芥菜和鱼腥草6种植物对土壤中十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的生理响应及其修复效果。结果表明,在BDE-209污染条件下,供试植物体内丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,表明植物受到一定的毒害作用,而在植物抗逆境机制作用下,植物体内可溶性蛋白质含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降;在供试植物生物量方面,BDE-209对龙葵、空心菜和狼尾草地上部有促进作用,而对苣菜、芥菜具有一定的抑制作用;6种修复植物体内均检测出BDE-209,且地上部与根部BDE-209含量具有显著差异,其中狼尾草根部干重含量高达16.93mg·kg-1;修复60d后,土壤中BDE-209含量均有一定程度的下降,最高去除率可达40.44%,且根际土与非根际土BDE-209去除率有显著差异。修复效果依优劣次序为狼尾草>龙葵、空心菜>鱼腥草>芥菜>苣菜。     

不同施肥条件下不同作物对重金属土壤铜的修复效果及作用

为了研究植物对重金属Cu污染土壤的修复作用,采用盆栽试验,在不同的施肥条件下,对玉米、蓖麻、高粱、向日葵4种作物成熟期根、茎、叶、穗中Cu的富集量以及修复后土壤中重金属Cu的含量进行测定。结果表明,对于玉米、高粱、向日葵3种作物来说,最好的修复方式是施腐殖酸(F),而蓖麻最好的施肥方式是施菌肥(J);4种作物对重金属Cu富集量从高到低依次为:玉米>高粱>向日葵>蓖麻,相应地土壤中剩余的重金属Cu含量从高到低依次为:蓖麻>向日葵>高粱>玉米;4种作物修复重金属Cu污染土壤效果较好的处理为玉米(Cu+F)、高粱(Cu+F)、向日葵(Cu+F)、蓖麻(Cu+J)。     

植物修复与超富集植物

本文回顾了我国尤其是珠三角地区重金属污染现状,总结了植物修复、超富集植物及当前研究热点问题。     

Salt Separation Processes in the Saltcedar Tamarix ramosissima (Ledeb.)

Salt cedars (Tamarix) are invasive halophytic species and heavy water consumers. However, Tamarix possesses interesting characteristics accounting for its opportunistic and resilient abilities: analogous to a miniature photodesalinization machine, it thrives on saline soils toxic to most plants. Here we observe, document, and reveal the salt separation process of T. ramosissima. Specimens were cultivated under controlled artificial conditions, then analyzed by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Tamarix ramosissima is shown to produce varied morphologies of salt crystal aggregates from vesiculated trichomes and possess the ability to separate anions and cations. Sodium chloride, potassium chloride (KCl), and potassium sodium sulfate [K_2.25Na_1.75(SO₄)₂] were major exuded salt crystal phases, with smaller quantities of other phases present. Compositions of crystals exuded by individual plants were consistent with compositions of the soils they grew on. Although T. ramosissima may be an invasive nuisance, it may possess other worthwhile attributes such as the potential to be a viable phytoremediator and environmental indicator.     

苎麻修复重金属污染土壤及强化措施研究进展

苎麻生物量大,一年播种多年收获,修复重金属同时具有一定的经济效益,被认为是一种重金属污染土壤的理想修复植物.综述了近年来学者们在苎麻修复重金属方面所取得的研究成果,指出苎麻对多种重金属具有一定的富集作用,对不同种类的重金属离子富集能力有差异,对单一和复合重金属污染土壤均具有一定的修复能力,能作为植物修复中可利用的植物资源.重点对进一步强化苎麻的修复能力的措施作了总结,阐述了影响苎麻富集和分配重金属过程的5个因素:品种、土壤改良剂、化学调控、农艺措施及土壤微生物,探讨了苎麻富集和耐受重金属的能力和机理,并就存在的问题提出建议和展望.     

赤泥基质改良及种植植物的筛选研究

采用四因素三水平正交改良方案对盐分含量较高的赤泥基质进行了改良研究和植物种植试验。结果表明:4种改良剂均能降低土壤的pH值,其中磷石膏对赤泥基质的pH影响最大;赤泥基质的持水率则主要受膨润土的影响,膨润土对赤泥基质的盐分具有一定的吸附或交换作用,添加量为20%时,赤泥可溶性盐含量降低了50%;3种供试植物中黑麦草最适宜改良后的赤泥基质种植。     

Arsenic-contaminated soils phytotoxicity studies with sunflower and sorghum

Background, Aim and Scope  Environmental pollution caused by arsenic (As) is a major ecological problem. There has been intense worldwide effort to find As-hyperaccumulating plants that can be used in phytoremediation—the green-plant-assisted removal of chemical pollutants from soils. For phytoremediation, it is natural to prefer cultivated rather than wild plants, because their agriculture is well known. This study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of common sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) and sugar sorghum(Sorghum saccharatum Pers.) for soil-As contents of 10–100 mg As kg^-1 soil, with sodium arsenite as a model contaminant. Methods  Plants were grown in a growth chamber for 30 days. Microfield experiments were conducted on experimental plots. To study the phytoremediation effect of the auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), we treated 1- and 3-day-old plant seedlings with water solutions of the auxins (concentrations 10^-5, 10^-7, and 10^-9 g l^-1). The soil and plant-biomass samples were analyzed for total As by using the color reaction of ammonium molybdate with As. Results and Discussion  Phytotoxicity studies showed that 100 mg As kg^-1 soil poisoned sunflower and sorghum growth by 50%. There was a linear correlation between soil-As content and As accumulation in the plants. Laboratory experiments showed that the soil-As content was reduced two- to threefold after sunflower had been grown with 10–100 mg As kg^-1 soil for 30 days. Treatment of sunflower and sorghum seedlings with IAA and 2,4-D at a concentration of 10^-5 g l^-1 in microfield experiments enhanced the phytoremediation two- to fivefold as compared with untreated control plants. The best results were obtained with 3-day-old seedlings. Conclusion, Recommendation and Outlook  (a) Sunflower and sorghum are good candidates to remediate As-polluted soils. (b) Phytoremediation can be improved with IAA or 2,4-D. (c) Mixed cropping of sorghum and sunflower may be another way of improving phytoremediation.     

植物修复对锰尾渣污染土壤特性的影响

采用盆栽法研究栽培美洲商陆和大豆进行植物修复后,锰尾渣污染土壤特性的变化。栽培美洲商陆和大豆可增加土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质。栽培植物后,土壤pH值变化不显著,但土壤磷酸酶、尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶和脱氢酶的活性都高于对照。栽培植物可影响土壤锰和镉的形态分布,降低土壤锰和镉总含量,减少土壤水溶性锰和镉含量。在锰尾渣污染区域,混种美洲商陆与大豆进行植物修复,改良土壤特性更佳。     

共培养对土壤重金属污染植物修复的调控作用

A co-culture of two plant materials, Astragalus sinicus L., a leguminous plant with concomitant nodules, and Elsholtzia splendens Naki-a Cu accumulator, along with treatments of a chelating agent (EDTA), root excretions (citric acid), and a control with E. splendens only were used to compare the mobility of heavy metals in chelating agents with a co-culture and to determine the potential for co-culture phytoremediation in heavy metal contaminated soils. The root uptake for Cu, Zn, and Pb in all treatments was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of the control treatment. However with translocation in the shoots, only Cu, Zn, and Pb in plants grown with the EDTA treatment and Zn in plants co-cropped with the A. sinicus treatment increased significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, when a co-culture in soils with heavy and moderate contamination was compared, for roots in moderately contaminated soils only Zn concentration was significantly less (P < 0.05) than that of heavily contaminated soils, however, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations of shoots were all significantly lower (P < 0.05). Overall, this "co-culture engineering" could be as effective as or even more effective than chelating agents, thereby preventing plant metal toxicity and metal leaching in soils as was usually observed in chelate-enhanced phytoremediation.     

水体重金属污染的植物修复研究(Ⅰ)——种苗过滤去除水中重金属锌

采用室内培养方法,探讨了6种作物种苗对水体中锌的去除作用。分析表明,在所选择的实验条件下,采用种苗过滤可以在144h内使水体中锌浓度明显降低。在蓖麻、豌豆、向日葵等植物幼苗的根中分别积累了高达30.0mg·g-1、20.5mg·g-1和18.3mg·g-1的锌,在其茎中分别积累了7.08mg·g-1、5.89mg·g-1和7.88mg·g-1的锌。文章对实验结果进行了对比和讨论,提出选择具有“重金属超量积累倾向”的传统作物种苗进行环境水体中锌污染的植物修复,这种处理技术具有良好的应用前景。