Phytoaccumulation of Lead by Selected Wetland Plant Species

Several anthropogenic activities lead to the production of substantial amounts of aqueous effluents that contain various toxic trace and heavy metals and which pose potential threats to the wild habitat of wetlands. As a part of the remediation of heavy metals, it is necessary to identify some aquatic hyperaccumulator plants. To this end, a greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the phytotoxicity resulting from lead (Pb) and its accumulation in selected plant species. Lead was added from low to very high levels in a swell–shrink clayey soil (Typic Haplustert). Seven levels of Pb (0, 50, 100 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg kg^–1 soil) were applied. Typha angustifolia L. of Typhaceae and Behaya plant (Ipomoea carnea L.) of the Convolvulaceae family were taken as test plants. Lead was added at high and low concentrations to determine whether an increase in concentration would Pb to an increased toxicity to the plants. Recorded weight of the Typha crop was reduced (6%) at 600 mg Pb kg^–1 soil, and at greater doses of Pb, the dry-matter yield was inhibited considerably. In the case of Ipomoea, no growth retardation from Pb was observed. Most Pb accumulated in roots and then was transported to shoots. The Typha angustifolia L. and Ipomoea carnea L. plants show promise for the removal of Pb from contaminated wastewater because they can accumulate high concentrations of Pb in roots (1200 and 1500 mg Pb kg^–1 respectively) and shoots (275 and 425 mg Pb kg^–1 respectively). Lead uptake by both the plants increased with the increasing doses of Pb (50 to 800 mg kg^–1 soil). Physiological parameters such as photosynthesis, respiration, chlorophyll content, and different enzyme activities including nitrate reductase (NR), peroxidase (POD), and succinate dehydrogenase (SD) were also studied for the evaluation of these plant species. In Typha plants, at greater doses of Pb, the rate of photosynthesis and chlorophyll content decreased whereas POD and SD activities increased to combat oxidative stress.     

Effects of Lead Forms and Organic Acids on the Growth and Uptake of Lead in Hydroponically Grown Wheat

This study investigated the effects of lead (Pb) form (free or complexed) and type and concentration of chelants [citric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)] on the growth and ability of wheat to accumulate Pb. Wheat variety Auqab-2000 was exposed to four levels of EDTA and citric acid (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 μM) in the presence of Pb (1000 μM). Both the free Pb (1000 μM) and high concentration (1500 μM) of EDTA and citric acid reduced the plant biomass. Without the addition of chelants, only a little Pb was accumulated by wheat shoots. This demonstrates that organic acids used in enhanced phytoextraction applications do not merely serve to increase metal mobility and plant availability but also can help to increase translocation rates of metals absorbed by the plant roots. Greater translocation of Pb from roots to shoots was observed with EDTA than that with citric acid.     

Soil‐ecological evaluation of willows in a floodplain

Willows (Salix spp.) were supposed to be suitable candidates for the phytoremediation of polluted floodplain soils, but it is unknown how willow growth alters concentrations and mobility of pollutants under the conditions of ongoing periodically flooding. Therefore, effects of willow cropping on total concentrations and mobility of As and heavy metals and soil microbial properties were determined after three and four growing seasons under willows in comparison to native grassland in a flood channel of a River Elbe floodplain (Central Germany). After 4 y of willow coppice, the heavy metal concentrations (mg kg^–1) were increased not only in the grass control plots (final Cu 274, Pb 276, Zn 935) but also under the willows (final Cu 248, Pb 251, Zn 779) compared to the initial concentrations (initial Cu 170, Pb 156, Zn 579). This increase might likely be caused by the ongoing sedimentation by flood events. The smaller increase under willows compared to grass might be related to an initial net effect of phytoextraction. The concentrations of the mobile fractions of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn were significantly lower under willows than under grass. Higher β‐glucosidase activities under willows than under grass might indicate a starting net decomposition of organic matter. Therefore, the study of long‐term and large‐scale effects are recommend before an appropriate evaluation of willow short‐rotation coppice for phytoremediation of polluted floodplains will be established.     

土壤改良剂在放射性污染植物修复中的研究与应用进展

土壤污染和退化问题日益突出,土壤改良剂的研究和应用在现代农业生产中越显重要。本文介绍了土壤改良剂的种类以及在植物固定技术和植物萃取技术方面的作用;总结了不同类型改良剂在放射性污染土壤改良中的应用和对植物修复效果的影响;并从吸附与离子交换、螯合与络合等方面阐述了土壤改良剂的主要修复机制。分析了常用改良剂在土壤放射性污染修复的研究现状和植物修复中的应用潜力,及其主要修复机制和存在问题,为将来开展深入研究提供有益的借鉴。     

气候变化和大气CO2上升条件下土壤有机碳的动力学研究

Considering that even contaminated soils are a potential resource for agricultural production, it is essential to develop a set of cropping systems to allow a safe and sustainable agriculture on contaminated lands while avoiding any transfer of toxic trace elements to the food chain. In this review, three main strategies, i.e., phytoexclusion, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction, are proposed to establish cropping systems for production of edible and non-edible plants, and for extraction of elements for industrial use. For safe production of food crops, the selection of low-accumulating plants/cultivars and the application of soil amendments are of vital importance. Phytostabilization using non-food energy and fiber plants can provide additional renewable energy sources and economic benefit with minimum cost of agricultural measures. Phytoextracting trace elements (e.g., As, Cd, Ni, and Zn) using hyperaccumulator species is more suitable for slightly and moderately polluted sites, and phytomining of Ni from serpentine soils has shown a great potential to extract Ni-containing bio-ores of economic interests. We conclude that appropriate combinations of soil types, plant species/cultivars, and agronomic practices can restrict trace metal transfer to the food chain and/or extract energy and metals of industrial use and allow safe agricultural activities.     

甘蓝型油菜在镉污染土壤修复中的应用研究

中国南方土壤镉污染现象较为严重,对中国农业发展及农产品安全带来很大影响。植物修复是解决镉污染农田一个发展前景较好的方法,但缺少合适的修复植物。在本研究中,以长江中下游地区大面积种植的经济作物——甘蓝型油菜为对象,利用盆栽的方式,研究0、5、15、25 mg/kg 4个浓度梯度下,镉超标对油菜生长、菜油品质的影响。结果发现,镉超标对油菜生长有一定影响,但菜油中镉含量远低于国际标准要求,表明产自镉污染土壤的菜籽油并不影响其食用价值。且利用油菜作为修复植物,还可增加当地农民收益和中国菜油供应,缓解日益严重的食用油供给不足现状,因此油菜是一种较为理想的镉污染土壤修复植物。     

Cd污染土壤景观修复植物筛选研究

在温室条件下,研究了香樟、圆柏、侧柏、夹竹桃、珊瑚树、四季桂、红花檵木、金边黄杨、金叶女贞和海栀子10种常见景观植物对污染土壤中Cd的耐受能力和富集特征。试验设置的三个处理分别为不添加外源Cd的CK处理(土壤中Cd本底值为3.6mg·kg~(-1))和添加外源Cd的T_1、T_2处理(土壤中Cd含量分别为9.6、24.6 mg·kg~(-1))。结果表明,在T_1和T_2处理下,圆柏、侧柏和四季桂的根、茎、叶和整株生物量与CK处理无显著差异(P0.05)。当土壤中Cd含量范围为3.6~24.6 mg·kg~(-1)时,侧柏、珊瑚树、四季桂和金边黄杨光合作用正常;T1和T2处理下香樟、侧柏、珊瑚树、四季桂、红花檵木、金边黄杨和金叶女贞叶片中丙二醛含量与CK处理无显著差异(P0.05)。珊瑚树对土壤中Cd有一定的富集能力,而香樟对Cd具有较强的转运能力。供试植物Cd富集系数的聚类分析表明,圆柏、夹竹桃和珊瑚树可用于Cd污染土壤修复与景观美化,红花檵木、金边黄杨、香樟、四季桂、侧柏和金叶女贞可用于Cd重污染土壤中Cd的稳定。     

冬季农田杂草荠菜对铅的生理响应及积累特性研究

为寻找新的铅超富集植物以弥补目前国内铅超富集植物的不足,通过盆栽试验,研究了荠菜[Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.)Medic]在不同铅浓度(0、200、400、600、800、1000、1200、1400、1600 mg·kg~(-1))处理下的生长、生理及对铅的积累特性。结果表明,在所有铅处理条件下,荠菜均能正常生长,且未出现任何中毒症状。荠菜的株高、根长、叶长、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素(a+b)、地上部与根系生物量均随土壤铅浓度的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且几乎所有铅处理组的生长状况明显优于对照组。荠菜的地上部铅含量和铅积累量、根系铅含量和铅积累量、植株铅积累总量、富集系数、转运系数则随土壤铅浓度的增加而升高。在土壤铅浓度为1000 mg·kg~(-1)时,荠菜地上部、根系的铅含量分别为1 036.14、1 201.37 mg·kg~(-1),超过铅超富集植物临界值(1000 mg·kg~(-1))。地上部富集系数在土壤铅浓度高于600 mg·kg~(-1)时超过1,但转运系数均小于1。同时,荠菜的抗氧化酶活性(SOD、CAT)随土壤铅浓度的增加而升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量和活性氧自由基(H_2O_2、O_2~-)含量则处于较为稳定状态。因此,荠菜不仅有较强的铅富集能力与稳定的转运能力,而且具有较强的耐铅性,可作为一种新的铅富集植物应用于铅污染土壤修复。     

皇竹草对酸与Cd污染农田土壤的治理效果及安全应用分析

在大田条件下,研究了在酸与Cd污染农田土壤中种植皇竹草对污染农田的治理效果和应用安全性。结果表明,在各土壤处理中,对照处理(不施用土壤添加剂)的皇竹草中Cd含量最高,为1.69 mg·kg~(-1)(干重),富集系数大于1,表现出一定的Cd富集特性。对照处理的皇竹草对Cd的提取量、提取效率分别为119.91 g·hm~(-2)、6.98%,修复效果优于在同等条件下种植的Cd超富集植物龙葵,若将试验区的土壤Cd修复到《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)的二级标准限值以内,经计算约需9年。皇竹草既可以提取土壤中的Cd,同时还可作为饲用牧草、还田肥料、造纸原料、能源植物等进行安全利用。因此,皇竹草是治理修复及综合利用酸与Cd污染农田的可行性植物材料。     

三叶草对污染土壤中芘的去除研究

Phytoremediation has been used as an emerging technology for remediation of soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ubiquitous persistent environmental pollutants derived from natural and anthropogenic processes, in the last decade. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of phytoremediation of pyrene from spiked soils planted with white clover (Trifolium repens) in the greenhouse with a series of pyrene concentrations ranging from 4.22 to 365.38 mg kg^-1. The results showed that growth of white clover on pyrenecontaminated soils was not affected. The removal of pyrene from the spiked soils planted with white clover was obviously higher than that from the unplanted soils. At the end of the experiment (60 d), the average removal ratio of pyrene in the spiked soils with white clover was 77%, which was 31% and 57% higher than those of the controls with or without micobes, respectively. Both roots and shoots of white clover took up pyrene from the spiked soils and pyrene uptake increased with the soil pyrene concentration. However, the plant-enhanced dissipation of soil pyrene may be the result of plant-promoted microbial degradation and direct uptake and accumulation of pyrene by white clover were only a small part of the pyrene dissipation. Bioconcentration factors of pyrene (BCFs, ratio of pyrene, on a dry weight basis, in the plant to that in the soil) tended to decrease with increase in the residual soil pyrene concentration. Therefore, removal of pyrene in the contaminated soils was feasible using white clove.