Cadmium accumulation in Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore (Compositae) in heavy-metal polluted soils and Cd-added conditions in hydroponic and pot cultures

Abstract

We have identified Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore (Compositae) as a cadmium (Cd)-accumulator plant in a heavy-metal polluted environment. In soil polluted with Cd, 5.7–17.5 mg kg^?1 Cd, concentrations in the above-ground plant tissues were measured as 14.6–78.6 mg kg^?1 with transfer factors in the above-ground plant tissues (concentration in above-ground tissues/soil concentration) of 1.5–6.0. No other toxic heavy metals or plant micronutrients were found to have accumulated into the above-ground plant tissues. In a hydroponic culture with 1 µmol L^?1 Cd added to Hoagland's nutrient solution, Cd concentration in the above-ground plant tissues was 121.0 mg kg^?1, with a transfer factor of more than 1000. In a pot culture carried out for 9 weeks in a greenhouse, the highest Cd concentration in the above-ground plant tissues, 121.2 mg kg^?1, was found in a treatment with 5 mg kg^?1 Cd, whereas the highest Cd content in an above-ground plant tissue, 106.1 µg, was found in a treatment with 2 mg kg^?1 Cd. These results clearly showed that C. crepidioides is a Cd accumulator. In all samples, the Cd concentration in the above-ground plant tissues was higher than that in the roots. The results obtained in the present study show that this plant has a strong potential for use in phytoremediation in farm fields contaminated with Cd.     

EDTA-Enhanced Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soil by Corn

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation by corn (Zea mays L.) of soil supplemented with 500 mg L^?1 lead (Pb) was examined. The chelate EDTA was used in order to increase Pb bioavailability at four levels: 0 (control), 0.5 (low), 1.0 (medium), and 2.5 mmol kg^?1 (high). Plants were grown under controlled conditions in a growth-chamber with supplementary light. An EDTA concentration of 5.0 mmol kg^?1 was lethal to plants. At high and medium EDTA levels plants grew significantly less than control ones. Lead concentrations in corn leaves increased with increased EDTA levels. Plants subjected to medium EDTA level had the greatest root to shoot Pb translocation. Plants subjected to high EDTA level showed high phosphorus (P) uptake and translocation within plants. Therefore, possibly it was not only Pb that caused toxic effect on plants, but also the high internal concentration of P that in turn could have complexed active Fe.     

Phytoextraction Potential of Indian Mustard at Various Levels of Zinc Exposure

ABSTRACT

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Czern.) has the potential to extract zinc (Zn) and other metals from contaminated soils, but the potential to accumulate metals at different levels of exposure is not well documented. The objectives of this research were to assess plant growth and Zn accumulation for different metal-accumulating accessions of Indian mustard grown with various Zn concentrations. In the experiment, three accessions of Indian mustard (426308, 182921, and 211000) were supplied with 12 levels of Zn (ranging from 0.0 to 7.0 mg L^?1) for three weeks in solution culture. Accession 426308 had a greater capacity for dry-mass accumulation than the others, but differences among accessions lessened as the concentration of Zn in solution increased. Accessions did not differ in Zn concentrations in shoots, but accession 426308 had a greater potential to accumulate Zn than the other accessions. Elevating the Zn supply in solutions had a limited effect on increasing the total Zn accumulation of shoots. Plants suffered Zn-induced iron (Fe) deficiency if the Zn concentration in solution exceeded 2.0 mg Zn L^?1. The level of Zn tolerance of Indian mustard accessions was: 211000 > 182921 > 426308. Maximum Zn accumulation in shoots was approximately 5.0 mg Zn per plant. The phytoextraction potential of Indian mustard may be limited under Zn-contaminated conditions by nutrient disorders and toxic effects of Zn that suppress growth.     

内生菌-植物联合修复污染土壤研究进展

环境污染对生态系统及人类健康造成严重威胁。近年来,许多学者研究发现内生菌联合植物修复体系对修复自然环境中的重金属和有机物具有巨大的潜力。本文主要从内生菌联合植物进行污染修复的机理和应用两方面入手,介绍了内生菌接种宿主植物根、茎、叶部的几种方法及定殖的检测方法,总结了污染土壤中内生菌在植物组织内的定殖动态,以及内生菌-植物联合体系强化有机物污染和重金属污染修复效果的应用,并从内生菌调节生长因子、生物固氮和溶磷、在宿主植物体内的共代谢有机物、产生特异性酶降解有机物、提升植物对重金属抗性和降低重金属毒性几个方面解释了内生菌和植物的联合修复机理。最后指出,虽然已经有许多对于内生菌联合植物修复体系的研究,但是目前两者相互作用机理尚未完全清楚,对于多种内生菌组合体系以及处理水体和大气污染的研究并不完善,这些都将成为今后的研究重点。     

外源柠檬酸对3种观赏植物吸收和转运镉的影响

为了探究柠檬酸与植物联合修复镉污染土壤的效果,采用盆栽试验,研究外源柠檬酸的添加对萱草(Hemerocallis fulva)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum Maxim.)和美人蕉(Canna indica L.)3种观赏植物修复镉污染土壤的影响.结果表明:(1)与CK和未添加柠檬酸处理组相比,柠檬酸添加显著降低了土壤的pH值.(2)柠檬酸的添加显著改善了萱草、鸢尾和美人蕉的生长状况,植物的株高、根长和生长量最大值均出现在添加柠檬酸中浓度镉污染(Tm)处理中,其单株生物量最高值分别为13.97、23.92和56.95 g.(3)在CK和未添加柠檬酸处理组中,萱草、鸢尾和美人蕉的地上部分镉含量低于地下部分,其差值变化范围分别为-5.09～-41.06、-6.44～-49.77和-15.35～-53.80mg·kg-1;而柠檬酸的添加促进了地下部分镉向地上部分的转移,使地上部分镉含量高于地下部分,其差值变化范围分别为9.98～42.50、9.51～44.93和16.10～47.59 mg·kg-1.(4)萱草、鸢尾和美人蕉3种观赏植物在添加柠檬酸处理组中的转运系数大于1,显著增加了植株地上部分的镉积累量,且美人蕉的地上部分和地下部分镉积累量明显高于萱草和鸢尾,其最高值分别为7 603.39和1 545.60 μg·株-1.综上所述,萱草、鸢尾和美人蕉3种观赏植物均可作为土壤镉污染修复植物使用,添加柠檬酸可有效提高3种观赏植物对镉污染土壤的修复效率.美人蕉由于植株高大和块状根茎的特性,使其表现出比萱草和鸢尾更强大的镉修复能力.     

通电和KCl处理对野芋吸收城市污泥重金属Cu、Zn的影响

采用植物修复与电修复相结合并加入KCl的处理方法进行野芋盆栽试验,研究了该处理方法对城市污泥中重金属Cu、Zn的治理效果,以及对植物的生物量及Cu、Zn在植物体内的积累和根际土壤pH值等的影响。结果表明:污泥中加入KCl和进行通电处理均能提高野芋对Cu、Zn的吸收,且野芋根、茎对Cu、Zn的吸收量随着处理时间的延长而增加,但在经通电和KCl处理的野芋生物量下降,这可能与通电后污泥酸化及野芋植株对Cu、Zn的耐受力有关。     

镉铜胁迫下紫苏的生长响应和富集特征研究

通过盆栽试验,分析了紫苏(Perilla frutescens(L.)Britt.)在Cd、Cu胁迫下生长响应及其对Cd、Cu的耐性、吸收和累积特征.结果表明,在Cd处理浓度≤60mg·kg~(-1)和Cu处理浓度为≤600mg·kg~(-1)时,紫苏株高和根长均随处理浓度提高而增加,此后则随处理浓度增加胁迫作用渐趋明显.植株地上部和根部Cd的最高含量分别是331.51和991.14 mg·kg~(-1),Cu的最高含量分别为228.65和2 030.63 mg·kg~(-1).植株地上部Cd和Cu的最大富集量分别为66.70和36.52 μg·plant~(-1).植株Cd、Cu富集系数分别为2.59～15.42和0.14～1.24,迁移系数分别为0.35～1.44和0.07～0.56.因此,该植物可用于Cd、Cu污染土壤的修复.     

砷污染土壤的植物修复研究进展

植物修复是目前世界研究的热点,也是治理砷污染土壤的主要手段之一。综述了国内外对砷污染土壤植物修复在超累积植物开发、修复机理及修复技术的应用等方面的研究进展,并对该领域存在的问题和今后的发展趋势作了具体的分析,以期为砷污染区进行植物修复提供理论性参考。     

3种挺水植物对水体中毒死蜱去除的过程和效率分析

以水培试验为基础,比较了3种挺水植物在抑菌和不抑菌条件下对培养液中毒死蜱的降解作用。结果表明,植物处理系统中毒死蜱的去除率显著高于无植物对照,不抑菌条件下的显著高于抑菌条件下(P<0.05);不同植物处理系统,植物和微生物对毒死蜱的降解贡献差异较大。水生鸢尾、水葱和菖蒲的去除贡献分别为67.70%、62.37%和65.29%,微生物的去除贡献分别为13.56%、17.92%和13.79%,植物的贡献起主导作用。抑菌条件下植物生物量增量低于不抑菌条件下的,微生物对植物生长有促进作用。     

不同施肥条件下不同作物对重金属土壤铜的修复效果及作用

为了研究植物对重金属Cu污染土壤的修复作用,采用盆栽试验,在不同的施肥条件下,对玉米、蓖麻、高粱、向日葵4种作物成熟期根、茎、叶、穗中Cu的富集量以及修复后土壤中重金属Cu的含量进行测定。结果表明,对于玉米、高粱、向日葵3种作物来说,最好的修复方式是施腐殖酸(F),而蓖麻最好的施肥方式是施菌肥(J);4种作物对重金属Cu富集量从高到低依次为:玉米>高粱>向日葵>蓖麻,相应地土壤中剩余的重金属Cu含量从高到低依次为:蓖麻>向日葵>高粱>玉米;4种作物修复重金属Cu污染土壤效果较好的处理为玉米(Cu+F)、高粱(Cu+F)、向日葵(Cu+F)、蓖麻(Cu+J)。