Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) undergoing parr-smolt transformation and the effects of dietary linseed and rapeseed oils

Duplicate groups of Atlantic salmon parr were fed diets containing either fish oil (FO), rapeseed oil (RO), linseed oil (LO) or linseed oil supplemented with arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; AA) (LOA) from October (week 0) to seawater transfer in March (week 19). From March to July (weeks 20–34) all fish were fed a fish oil-containing diet. Fatty acyl desaturation and elongation activity in isolated hepatocytes incubated with [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 increased in all dietary groups, peaking in early March about one month prior to seawater transfer. Desaturation activities at their peak were significantly greater in fish fed the vegetable oils, particularly RO, compared to fish fed FO. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3:DHA) and AA in liver and gill polar lipids (PL) increased in all dietary groups during the freshwater phase whereas eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) increased greatly in all groups after seawater transfer. The AA/EPA ratio in tissue PL increased up to seawater transfer and then decreased after transfer. AA levels and the AA/EPA ratio in gill PL were generally higher in the LOA group. The levels of 18:3n-3 in muscle total lipid were increased significantly in the LO, LOA and, to a lesser extent, RO groups prior to transfer but were reduced to initial levels by the termination of the experiment (week 34). In contrast, 18:2n-6 in muscle total lipid was significantly increased after 18 weeks in fish fed the diets supplemented with RO and LO, and was significantly greater in the FO and RO groups at the termination of the experiment. Gill PGF production showed a large peak about two months after transfer to seawater. The production of total PGF post-transfer was significantly lower in fish previously fed the LOA diet. However, plasma chloride concentrations in fish subjected to a seawater challenge at 18 weeks were all lower in fish fed the diets with vegetable oils. This effect was significant in the case of fish receiving the diet with LOA, compared to those fed the diet containing FO. The present study showed that during parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon there is a pre-adaptive increase in hepatocyte fatty acyl desaturation/elongation activities that is controlled primarily by environmental factors such as photoperiod and temperature but that can also be significantly modulated by diet. Feeding salmon parr diets supplemented with rapeseed or linseed oils prevented inhibition of the desaturase activities that is induced by feeding parr diets with fish oils and thus influenced the smoltification process by altering tissue PL fatty acid compositions and eicosanoid production. These effects, in turn, had a beneficial effect on the ability of the fish to osmoregulate and thus adapt to salinity changes.     

脂肪酸去饱和酶参与植物对胁迫的响应

植物常受到温度、盐和干旱等非生物以及病原菌和昆虫等生物胁迫。全面了解脂肪酸的去饱和、动员和调控将有助于提高植物对非生物和生物胁迫的耐受性。文章对近年植物脂肪酸在去饱和、动员和调控非生物和生物胁迫上的研究进展进行综述,并对脂肪酸去饱和酶的调控进行讨论。     

几种除草剂靶酶及其抑制剂的研究进展

根据作用靶标对除草剂进行分类,对于新型除草剂的设计能够起到很大的帮助。迄今为止,人们已发现除草剂的不同作用位点近30种,涉及到50余种不同化学结构的化合物。文中介绍了谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、咪唑甘油磷酯脱水酶(IGPD)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCace)、八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(PDS)及其各自抑制剂的研究进展。分别从酶的生理功能、酶学特征、抑制剂作用机理、抑制剂的研究、抗性等方面进行了不同程度的阐述。     

Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Marine Invertebrates: Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms

Virtually all polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) originate from primary producers but can be modified by bioconversions as they pass up the food chain in a process termed trophic upgrading. Therefore, although the main primary producers of PUFA in the marine environment are microalgae, higher trophic levels have metabolic pathways that can produce novel and unique PUFA. However, little is known about the pathways of PUFA biosynthesis and metabolism in the levels between primary producers and fish that are largely filled by invertebrates. It has become increasingly apparent that, in addition to trophic upgrading, de novo synthesis of PUFA is possible in some lower animals. The unequivocal identification of PUFA biosynthetic pathways in many invertebrates is complicated by the presence of other organisms within them. These organisms include bacteria and algae with PUFA biosynthesis pathways, and range from intestinal flora to symbiotic relationships that can involve PUFA translocation to host organisms. This emphasizes the importance of studying biosynthetic pathways at a molecular level, and the continual expansion of genomic resources and advances in molecular analysis is facilitating this. The present paper highlights recent research into the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of PUFA biosynthesis in marine invertebrates, particularly focusing on cephalopod molluscs.     

芥蓝八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因BaPDS1和BaPDS2的克隆与表达分析

以白花芥蓝为材料,采用反转录PCR技术克隆得到2个八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因BaPDS1和BaPDS2,GenBank登录号为KX426039和KX426040,其开放阅读框分别为1 692和1 698 bp,分别编码563和565个氨基酸。同源性及进化树构建结果表明PDS蛋白在进化过程中比较保守,芥蓝PDS基因与甘蓝、白菜、花椰菜等十字花科蔬菜亲缘关系较近。半定量PCR分析发现,BaPDS1和BaPDS2表达水平在芥蓝不同发育时期和组织器官间均存在显著差异。萌动种子期BaPDSs表达量较低,之后迅速上升;BaPDS1在成熟期器官间呈现组成型表达,BaPDS2在器官间表达差异较大,幼果中未检出;花器官中萼片的BaPDSs表达量显著低于其他组织,在开花过程中,雄蕊和雌蕊的BaPDS1表达水平出现上调。     

在中国大豆品种上创建ALSV诱导的基因沉默体系

【目的】在中国大豆品种上建立以苹果潜隐球形病毒（apple latent spherical virus,ALSV）为载体的基因沉默体系,为中国大豆品种的基因功能和遗传育种提供一种简便、省时、易操作的技术体系。【方法】构建以农杆菌介导接种的ALSV病毒侵染性克隆载体。从大豆品种威廉姆斯82（Williams 82）中特异扩增327 bp的八氢番茄红素脱氢酶（GmPDS）基因cDNA片段,插入病毒载体pALSV2。通过农杆菌浸润法将病毒载体导入模式植物本氏烟（Nicotiana benthamiana）,17 d后富集病毒粒子,摩擦接种大豆第一轮真叶,以接种病毒空载作为对照组,持续观察测试大豆植株系统叶表型,并结合逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）或荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）检测ALSV衣壳蛋白基因（CP）和GmPDS的表达水平。【结果】ALSV﹕GmPDS接种大豆品种威廉姆斯82和南农1138-2,20 d后,前者系统叶未见白化表型,而后者系统叶出现明显的白化表型;qRT-PCR检测结果表明,发生白化的南农1138-2植株中GmPDS的表达水平显著降低,未出现白化表型的威廉姆斯82中GmPDS的表达水平没有出现显著变化。在此基础上,采用相同的方法,测试了ALSV在其他9种大豆品种中诱导GmPDS的沉默效率,发现在南农47、安豆203、祥斗4号、中黄13、山宁29、齐黄34等大豆品种上接种ALSV﹕GmPDS后植株系统叶均产生白化表型,而菏豆12、中黄311和山宁16等3个品种的GmPDS均不能诱导有效沉默。【结论】构建了农杆菌介导的ALSV病毒载体,利用本氏烟扩繁富集ALSV病毒,将提纯的病毒粒体摩擦接种大豆真叶,在多个中国大豆品种上成功建立了基因沉默体系。     

Effect of DNA polymorphisms related to fatty acid composition in adipose tissue of Holstein cattle

Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue has been recognized as an important carcass trait because of its relationship with eating quality such as favorable beef flavor and tenderness. Therefore, we investigated the effects of genetic polymorphisms of liver X receptor, alpha (LXR), stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD), Fatty acid synthase (FASN), and Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) on fatty acid composition in intramuscular fat tissue of Holstein steers. The major allele frequencies were 0.705 in SCD, 0.518 in FABP4, 0.888 in FASN, and 0.984 in LXR. Genotyping of SCD showed significant effect on C14:0, C14:1, C18:0 and saturated fatty acid (P < 0.05). In addition, the result suggested that SCD genotype possibly had effect on composition of C18:1 and monounsaturated fatty acid. Genotype of FABP4 had significant effect on composition of C16:0. Effect of LXR genotypes could not be analyze because of extremely biased genotype frequencies. Our results suggest that genotypes of SCD and FABP4 may in part affect meat quality in Holstein.     

Identification and utilization of genes associated with beef qualities

The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in beef has been recognized as an important trait because of its relationship with beef quality, including favorable beef flavor and tenderness. Over the last decade, we have tried to identify the genes responsible for the fatty acid composition in cattle, and have found the following. (i) Genetic polymorphism of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) is one of the responsible genes associated with fatty acid composition. The average effects of gene substitution of the SCD type A gene on the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) percentage and the melting point of intramuscular fat were approximately +1.0% and ?1.0°C, respectively. (ii) Intron polymorphism of sterol regulatory element binding protein–1 (SREBP‐1) also affected MUFA. (iii) No effect of SCD or SREBP‐1 genotypes on any representative carcass traits of Japanese Black in the field population was observed. (iv) Additional genetic markers adipocytes fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and liver X receptor α also affected the fatty acid composition. (v) SCD and FABP4 significantly affected fatty acid composition in Holstein steers. These findings will bring new insight into the fat‐related carcass traits of beef cattle and will thus contribute to the beef industry.     

农药中色素合成抑制剂的研究和应用进展

光合作用在植物的生长过程中起着至关重要的作用,以光合色素生物合成过程中的酶作为靶标,是研发除草剂的一个重要方向和热点。其中原卟啉原氧化酶(PPO),八氢番茄红素去饱和酶(PDS),ζ-胡萝卜素去饱和酶(ZDS),对羟苯基丙酮酸双氧化酶(HPPD)等作为除草剂靶酶非常成功。本文综述了近年来农药中色素合成抑制剂的作用机制及最新应用进展,并展望未来的发展趋势。