初花期源库比变化对棉花下部"铃-叶系统"生理特征的影响

对棉花初花期进行去叶和去蕾处理,研究改变棉花源库比对早期"铃-叶"系统生理状态的影响.结果表明,源库比改变明显地影响着棉叶和棉铃中蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉的含量,但蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉的含量对源库比变化的反应程度不同.减库处理可以提高叶片中蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉的含量,促进子棉中碳水化合物的积累,提高单铃重,并促进后期果枝叶中叶绿素的合成,延长叶片功能期,但是不利于棉子中蛋白质的合成;减源处理促进前期果枝叶中叶绿素含量,但是使后期果枝叶中叶绿素含量快速下降,表现出早衰迹象;并且减源处理不利于叶片中蛋白质的合成.     

不同小麦雄性不育类型光合、生理参数日变化的研究

利用2套同核异质的K、T、V、CHA型不育系及其保持系，对其不同生育时期净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用率（WUE）、光量子通量密度（PFD）和细胞间隙CO₂浓度（C_i）、气孔限制值（L_s）等光合、生理参数的日变化及其差异进行比较研究，探讨不同小麦雄性不育类型的胞质效应。结果表明，供试材料净光合速率的日变化均呈双峰曲线，有明显的光合“午休”现象，P_n与G_s、C_i的相关系数分别为0.8187、0.8136，呈显著正相关（r_0.05=0.8110），与L_s的相关系数为－0.8496，呈显著负相关（r_0.05=0.8110），P_n的午间下降伴随着G_s、Ci的下降和L_s的升高，表明其主要受气孔因素限制；与保持系的Pn值相比，CHA型和K、T、V型不育系分别降低0.88、2.76、3.30和2.04 μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1，产生不同程度的负效应，尤以T型和K型最明显。在水分利用率上，K、T、V型不育系较保持系降低0.94~1.54 μmol CO₂ mmol^-1 H₂O，负效应显著；CHA型不育系较保持系低0.36 μmol CO₂ mmol^-1 H₂O，差异不显著，说明CHA对旗叶水分利用率无明显的不良影响。Pn值因母本基因型的不同而异，冀5418及相应不育系的Pn值较太911289的高，差异达显著或极显著水平。因此，选择优势效应大的保持系回交，有利于降低不育胞质对小麦光合功能的负效应。     

Types and components of resistance to Fusarium head blight of wheat

Resistance of wheat to Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum was identified in natural epidemics in 1985 and 1987 as well after artificial inoculations (1983–1988 and 1984–1987). Out of 25 genotypes tested, five were identified with no significant difference in head blight scores, but differing significantly in yield after artificial inoculation, i.e. tolerance differences were detected at different resistance levels. Some genotypes that were similar in yield or head blight scores differed in seed infection severity. Genotypes with awns were more susceptible to head blight when tested under natural epidemic condition in the field; but this trait did not influence head blight severity in artificial inoculations. Dwarf genotypes were more severely infected by head blight than tall genotypes under natural conditions, but genotypes of different plant height classes were similarly susceptible after artificial inoculations. In the early generations of a breeding programme resistance measured by visual evaluation of artificial inoculation is the most important way to screen. If selection of dwarf and awned genotypes cannot be avoided, the higher susceptibility caused by awns and dwarfness under natural epidemic conditions can be decreased by a higher level of physiological resistance, as variability in physiological resistance is available. In later generations, traits like percentage of seed infection or tolerance can be identified by additionally measuring yield reduction. Stability of disease reaction appears to be connected with resistance level, the most resistant genotypes are the most stable, and the most susceptible ones tend to have more unstable reactions in different epidemic conditions.     

膳食纤维的生理功能及应用现状

介绍了膳食纤维的定义。系统地阐述了其生理功能和组成,并根据其溶解性和来源不同进行了分类,进一步介绍了膳食纤维的合理摄入量和其应用状况。     

Migration‐affected change and vulnerability in rural Vanuatu

Migration is increasingly being promoted as a possible adaptive response to risks associated with climate change and other stresses. While migration may present an adaptation pathway in certain contexts, existing research fails to consider the ways in which migration could contribute to vulnerability in sending communities. This paper examines the impact of migration‐affected change on local vulnerability in Lamen Bay, Vanuatu. Qualitative methods, including interviews and focus groups with 58 individuals, were used to determine how migration interacts with the multiple stressors faced by the community. The results show that migration is likely to contribute to vulnerability in already vulnerable communities. In Lamen Bay, migration affects a number of contextual factors that influence exposure and the capacity to respond to change, including labour supply, food security, migrant attitudes, underdevelopment and institutional viability. These results suggest that development policy in Vanuatu needs to address existing vulnerabilities while offering the opportunity to migrate.     

基于生理发育时间的棉花生育期模拟模型

棉花生育期模拟是研究棉花生长与环境因子关系的重要内容。通过分析春播中(中早)熟常规棉、中(中早)熟转基因抗虫棉和夏播早熟短季棉三种类型16个品种(系)的生育期与环境因素的动态关系,建立了以棉花生理发育时间(PDT)为基础的棉花生育期模拟模型。模型考虑了热效应、光周期效应、品种早熟性及地膜覆盖地积温对气积温的补偿效应。利用不同年份、生态区、基因型品种、栽培措施的试验资料对模型进行了检验,结果表明不同品种生育期模拟值与观测值的符合度较好,各生育进程的RMSE在1.4～4.9d。模型既有较强的机理性,又有较好的适用性。     

太行山区苹果园昆虫群落及其动态变化研究

研究了河北太行山中南部苹果园昆虫群落的组成、发展演替、群落的空间、时间格局;揭示了苹果生长季节昆虫群落结构的变动规律,确定了不同时期、不同部位的害虫优势种;明确了苹果园昆虫多样性、均匀度和优势度参数变化较大,在太行山区苹果园生态系统中,仅靠天敌的作用,不能起到控制害虫危害目的,需以人工干预。     

Evaluation of proline analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching measurements as drought tolerance indicators in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)

Summary The possibility of using proline accumulation and fluorescence inhibition as predictive tests for drought tolerance in durum wheat has been investigated. The drought susceptibility of 25 genotypes was evaluated by comparing yields and yield components in irrigated and non irrigated conditions in the field. A drought susceptibility index (DSI) was calculated based on yields from irrigated and dry treatments and compared with the results obtained using the two physiological criteria. Proline accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence inhibition were found to be significantly and negatively correlated with DSI of grain yield, biological yield, and thousand kernel weight, and tiller index. The use of both criteria for breeding durum wheat in Mediterranean dryland is discussed.     

Changing climate and potential impacts on potato yield and quality ‘CHIP’: introduction, aims and methodology

Climate change effects caused by an increasing concentration of CO₂ and ozone represent an issue of major concern both for scientists and policy-makers. In a concerted program funded by the Commission of the European Union, a European network of experiments (in open-top chambers (OTC), and free air carbon dioxide enrichment systems (FACE)) and modelling was carried out to investigate the effects of increasing atmospheric CO₂ and ozone concentrations, under different climatic conditions, on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Bintje). This contribution describes the experimental network and the standard protocol set-up for the assessments that served to improve and to validate process oriented potato growth simulation models leading to scenarios of future productivity of potato in Europe.     

高F值寡肽及其生理功能

高F值寡肽是一种具有高支链氨基酸含量和低芳香族氨基酸含量组成的小肽混合物.由于它具有独特的氨基酸组成和重要的生理功能,日益受到食品和医药界的高度关注.对高F值寡肽及具有治疗或缓解减轻肝性脑病症状、改善手术后及卧床病人的蛋白质营养状况、抗疲劳、治疗苯丙酮尿症和解酒醉等生理功能进行综述,以供读者参考.