水分对柠条萌蘖株和未平茬株光合参数及调渗物质的影响

对柠条Caragana korshinskii平茬后的萌蘖株和未平茬的对照株在夏季旺盛生长期进行了水分处理,并研究了浇水前后萌蘖株和对照株光合参数及调渗物质的变化。浇水前,萌蘖株具有较高的水势 (LWP)、光合速率(A)、气孔导度(G)、蒸腾速率(E)、光系统II最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)和光系统II实际量子产率(△F/Fm′);而对照株相应指标较低,但对照株光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）,脯氨酸(Pro)、 丙二醛(MDA)含量较高。浇水后,对照株LWP、A、G、E、Fv/Fm、△F/Fm′均有不同程度的上升,而NPQ值和Pro、MAD的含量下降。浇水对萌蘖株和对照株叶绿素(Chla+b)含量影响不显著,且浇水前后萌蘖株均高于对照株。结果表明：萌蘖株在生长季所受干旱胁迫较小,植物将更多的光能以光合作用的形式利用,植物生长迅速;而对照株所受干旱胁迫的影响较为严重,光合速率低,植物将更多的光能以热的形式消耗,导致植物生长缓慢。     

河道整治工程中灌草植物应用研究浅议

河道边坡结构的破坏, 加剧了河坡生态环境恶化。采用生物护坡,尤其是栽植灌木和草本,可明显改善边坡的水土保持能力。植物发达的根系通过锚固作用和加筋作用有效地提高坡面的稳定性。种植植物可以在相对较短的时间内恢复边坡的生态功能,增加其抗侵蚀能力。灌木和草本是用于护坡的主要植物,现阶段用于护坡的灌草大多是根系发达、抗逆性强的植物种。不同土壤、气候条件及不同地区和地域适宜种植的灌草植物不同,因此采用种植灌草护坡应根据当地环境条件选择适宜植物,否则很难成功。分析阐述了植物的生态作用及护坡机理,并总结了在河道整治工程中主要使用的部分灌草种。最后列举了一些适应我国北方地区气候环境的护坡灌草,以期为护坡工程中灌草植物的选用提供一些建议。     

水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿叶水势、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的影响

采用盆栽水分试验,研究了不同土壤水分条件下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)叶水势、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的变化规律及相互关系,以期揭示其对土壤水分胁迫的气孔响应机制。结果表明:苜蓿叶水势、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)均随水分胁迫加剧而降低,三者日变化均呈双峰曲线特征,日平均值表现为充分供水>轻度胁迫>中度胁迫>重度胁迫。最低叶水势随土壤水分降低而降低;在中度和重度胁迫下,叶水势和蒸腾速率日变化峰值出现的时间提前,当叶水势为-4.68 MPa或T_r为3.27 g·m^-2·h^-1时,气孔开始关闭;在充分供水和轻度胁迫下,T_r越高,叶水势越低,且G_s随着T_r增加而增加。叶水势的变化除受土壤水分影响外,还与叶片生长发育密切相关。     

Research on a dynamic tracking model for reservoir water flooding of separated zone water injection

Waterflood is one of the main oil reservoir development ways. Premature flooding of production wells during water flooding process will reduce oil recovery. Therefore,it is particularly important to establish a dynamic tracking model for reservoir water flooding of separated zone water injection. Based on the basic principles of heat and mass transfer,according to well temperature curve to determine the water profile,Poisson process analysis and stochastic process methods are adopted to calculate water saturation,water breakthrough time and water cut of each layer in water flooded reservoir at any one time. When oil reservoir gradually become water flooded,the calculated water cut of model considering micro-pore distribution of the reservoir tends to the measured water cut,and the calculation error is less than 5%. Case study shows that the layer of the higher injection rate,with high flow channel such as micro fracture,where there is the faster increase in water saturation,the shorter water breakthrough time and faster increase in water cut,and vice versa. Research result provides time guarantee to take measures for inhibiting or delaying water breakthrough of production wells.     

2BFM-5型山地免耕播种机的设计与试验

针对黄土高原丘陵水蚀区残茬覆盖免耕播种及抗旱播种的作业要求,研制了以8.8～11.0?kW手持拖拉机为动力源的2BFM-5型山地免耕播种机。该播种机采用长翼尖角组合式种肥分施开沟器、复合铰链前位双轮仿形机构和螺旋齿槽轮排种器。田间试验表明：该播种机排种均匀性变异系数为35.4%,播深合格率为81.8%,平均种肥间距为44.0?mm,化肥集中在90～100?mm土层范围内,地表可形成宽66～85?mm、深40～52?mm的小垄沟,各项技术性能满足农业种植要求。该播种机适应中国黄土高原丘陵水蚀区缓坡地（＜15°）和水平梯田的免耕播种,满足雨养农业区播种技术的“深种浅覆、镇压提墒、集雨抗旱”等要求。     

栽插密度和水层对水稻化感品种抑草作用的影响

选用具有化感特性的华抗草78和江苏地区主栽的扬稻6号,通过田间试验明确在不同栽插密度和不同水层深度条件下水稻品种的抑草效应,结果表明:每公顷45～60万苗的水稻栽插密度、水稻移栽后10 cm水层保持15 d的条件下华抗草78对稗草、异型莎草和陌上菜的株防效和干重防效明显,增产效果显著。     

水分胁迫对爱宕梨渗透调节的影响

以二年生爱宕梨盆栽幼树为试材 ,研究水分胁迫对爱宕梨渗透调节的影响。结果表明 ,在水分胁迫下 ,随着土壤含水量的降低 ,梨树叶片组织相对含水量下降 ,叶水势增加。梨树在水分胁迫下具有一定的渗透调节能力 ,随着胁迫程度的增加 ,渗透调节物质K+ 含量和可溶性糖含量上升 ,当达到一定浓度后 ,诱发脯氨酸和游离氨基酸的大量生成。但水分胁迫超过一定程度后 ,细胞膜透性增加 ,原生质遭受破坏 ,植株枯死。     

滨海围垦地2种木本植物光合特性的研究

采用Li-6400便携式光合仪,对上海南汇区围垦地乌桕、女贞光合特性进行了测定.结果表明,女贞、乌桕的光饱和点分别为1 583.200,920.760 μmol · m-2 · s-1,它们均为喜阳树种;乌桕和女贞的日变化曲线均为双峰曲线,出现光合"午休"现象,引起乌桕"午休"的原因为非气孔因素,引起女贞"午休"的原因...     

Ecological impacts of small hydropower plants on headwater stream fish: from individual to community effects

Hydroelectricity is increasingly used worldwide as a source of renewable energy, and many mountain ranges have dozens or hundreds of hydropower plants, with many more being under construction or planned. Although the ecological impacts of large dams are relatively well known, the effects of small hydropower plants and their weirs have been much less investigated. We studied the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants on fish assemblages in the upper Ter river basin (Catalonia, NE Spain), which has headwater reaches with good water quality and no large dams but many of such plants. We studied fish populations and habitat features on control and impacted reaches for water diversion of 16 hydropower plants. In the impacted reaches, there was a significantly lower presence of refuges for fish, poorer habitat quality, more pools and less riffles and macrophytes, and shallower water levels. We also observed higher fish abundance, larger mean fish size and better fish condition in the control than in impacted reaches, although the results were species‐specific. Accordingly, species composition was also affected, with lower relative abundance of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Pyrenean minnow (Phoxinus bigerri) in the impacted reaches and higher presence of stone loach (Barbatula quignardi) and Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis). Our study highlights the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants from the individual to the population and community levels but probably underestimates them, urging for further assessment and mitigation of these ecological impacts.     

pH对日本沼虾耗氧率及鳃组织CAT、SOD活力的影响

在水温24.0±0.2℃条件下,采用静水停食法开展了pH对日本沼虾存活、耗氧率及鳃组织CAT、SOD活力的影响实验。结果表明：（1）日本沼虾对碱性环境的耐受性略强于酸性环境,其pH耐受范围为5.5～8.5,该范围内日本沼虾组内耗氧率均呈夜均显著高于昼均（P〈0.05）,组间昼均和夜均耗氧率均无显著差异（P〉0.05）,且鳃组织SOD、CAT活力均呈先降后升走势;（2）日本沼虾pH适宜范围为6.5～8.5,该范围内日本沼虾鳃组织SOD低谷期均比pH 5.5实验组后延24 h,各观测时段CAT活力均显著低于pH 5.5实验组（P〈0.05）;（3）日本沼虾pH最适宜区间为6.5～8.5的中央区域,本研究所设实验梯度中pH 7.5实验组日本沼虾鳃组织SOD、CAT活力最为稳定。