CO2浓度和抗药性对褐飞虱刺吸取食行为的影响

【目的】明确CO2浓度升高是否影响褐飞虱的取食行为以及抗药褐飞虱品系的刺吸行为是否与敏感品系存在差异,从而为预测CO2浓度升高条件下不同抗药性褐飞虱对水稻的致害性提供依据。【方法】采用刺吸电位技术（EPG）观察褐飞虱抗、感噻嗪酮品系（抗性水平相差约480倍）对当前（390 μL•L-1）和升高CO2浓度（780 μL•L-1）下生长水稻的口针刺吸行为,用双因素方差分析比较CO2浓度和抗药性2因素对口针刺吸显示的6种波形持续时间和频次的差异。【结果】CO2浓度加倍倾向于缩短感噻嗪酮褐飞虱在韧皮部摄取汁液的总时间,与抗药性互作显著影响开始刺探行为的频次：CO2浓度加倍条件下（780 μL•L-1）抗性褐飞虱开始刺探的频次低于当前CO2浓度下（390 μL•L-1）。抗噻嗪酮褐飞虱口针朝维管束移动和在木质部摄取汁液的时间延长,但在韧皮部内部活动的时间缩短;口针在韧皮部内部活动的频次增多,但在韧皮部和木质部摄取汁液的频次减少。【结论】抗噻嗪酮褐飞虱对水稻的致害性明显强于感噻嗪酮褐飞虱;CO2浓度升高可能使感噻嗪酮褐飞虱对水稻的致害性减弱,但对抗噻嗪酮褐飞虱没有显著影响。     

Needle Collection Time for Nutrient Evaluation in Christmas Tree Production

Christmas tree needle sampling to evaluate nutrient need is an established practice. Data to support the recommended fall sampling time in Oregon and Washington were not found. In addition, the recommendation for needle sampling of Fraser fir in North Carolina was made without data from winter months. The goal for this article is to affirm or modify recommended needle sampling time. Needles of Douglas fir, Turkish fir, Nordmann fir, Noble fir, Grand fir, and Fraser fir Christmas trees were collected monthly for a year, dried, and analyzed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and boron (B). No single period was found for any species when needle nutrient concentration was stable for all elements determined. Needle collection time was chosen by integrating cultural practices, likelihood of nutrient deficiency, and needle nutrient concentration changes for species grown in an area. Needle collection is recommended during February in western Oregon and Washington. The current sampling time, fall, is logical for Fraser fir Christmas tree production in North Carolina.     

Nitrogen requirements associated with improved conservation tillage for corn production

Abstract

Excessive soil erosion and use of nitrogen fertilizer are costly to the Atlantic Coastal Plain corn (zea mays L., ’Funks G 4507') producer and both may serve to create environmental hazards. An in‐row chisel (36 cm deep) tillage method was compared with the standard 5 cm fluted coulter method for planting corn in premature wheat (Triticim aestivum L.) residues grown on an Orangeburg sandy loam (Typic Paleudult). Five orthogonal N levels ranging up to 440 kg of N/ha were used to determine an economic N optimum for each tillage method.

The in‐row chisel tillage method provides a possible yield advantage in the Atlantic Coastal Plain because of observed restricting soil layers within the normal corn rooting zone. The estimated profit‐maximizing quantities of N fertilizer were 262 and 295 kg of N/ha (234 and 263 1b of N/acre) for the fluted coulter and in‐row tillage procedures, respectively. Corn grain yields associated with these inputs were 9.6 × 10³ and 12.6 × 10³ kg/ha (153 and 200 bu/acre), respectively. The yield increase associated with in‐row chiseling through a 2.5 metric ton mulched surface is attributed to potentially improved rooting and more efficient water storage and use.     

Does returning sites of historic peri‐urban waste disposal to vegetable production pose a risk to human health? – A case study near Manchester,UK

Urban waste disposal occurred on fenland to the west of Manchester, England, between 1900 and 1964. The reclaimed fenland, Chat Moss, is now used for mixed arable farming. A total of 1.92 Mt of waste including privy midden, street sweepings, clinkers and slaughterhouse refuse was incorporated into the moss resulting in a modified topsoil with raised pH and reduced organic matter content compared with the subsoil. Elevated levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are observed in the topsoil beyond the typical depth of atmospheric contamination; Cd and As concentrations exceed soil guideline values (SGVs) at 1.8 and 43 mg/kg, respectively. Sequential extraction indicates that waste‐derived Pb, Zn and Ni remain predominantly in the residual fraction, whereas Cu was mainly organically bound. Arsenic was predominately found in oxide and organic matter fractions with Cd in carbonate, oxide, organic matter and residual fractions. Pot trials indicated limited uptake of PTEs by vegetables grown on the waste‐amended soil, with the exception of Cd uptake by lettuce (0.22 mg/kg FW) and Pb uptake by radish (0.16 mg/kg FW), which exceeded current EU limits of 0.2 and 0.1 mg/kg FW, respectively. Hazard quotients (HQs) identified no risks to adults from consumption of vegetables grown in these soils with the exception of lettuce consumption with a HQ of 1.4. Risks to children were slightly greater with HQs >1 for Cd in lettuce, spinach, carrots and onion, As in lettuce, parsley and onion and for Zn in spinach.     

Transformation of Upland Cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） with gfp Gene as a Visual Marker

The green-fluorescent protein (gfp) gene was evaluated as a screening marker during cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) transforming and plant regeneration.High expression of GFP (green-fluorescent protein)...     

小麦-鹅观草易位系T7A/1Rk#1的选育与鉴定

将小麦-鹅观草del1Rk#1L二体添加系的花粉用10 Gy 60Co γ射线照射处理,给小麦中国春授粉,获得杂种。综合利用C-分带、GISH、顺次C带/45SrDNA-FISH和顺次GISH/45SrDNA-FISH等分子细胞遗传学技术在M2代筛选和鉴定出1个涉及小麦7A和鹅观草1Rk#1染色体的相互易位染色体系,并获得1Rk#1染色体的1个45SrDNA位标,该位标和其对应的红色GISH-带纹能够特异地识别1Rk#1染色体短臂。对M2代群体染色体组成分析和测交分析表明,两条易位染色体在后代中以共分离方式成对出现,且易位通过雌配子的传递率高于雄配子。综合2004、2005和2006 3年的赤霉病抗性鉴定结果表明：该易位系对赤霉病表现部分抗病,但抗性表现在不同年份、不同地点有差异。试验还证明花粉辐射是诱导小麦-外缘物种染色体易位的有效方法。     

甘肃省民勤县天然植被生态需水研究

【目的】研究干旱地区天然植被的生态需水量,为区域生态用水与经济用水的合理配置提供参考。【方法】针对西北干旱地区水资源短缺、降雨量少、植被退化、盖度降低等现状,以甘肃省民勤县为例,采用联合国粮农组织(FAO)提出的干旱区受破坏非完全覆盖的天然植被生态需水计算方法,计算植被生态需水定额,扣除有效降雨后得到生态缺水定额,再结合遥感解译的不同类型植被的生态植被面积,获得植被生态需水量和生态缺水量。【结果】民勤县植被适宜和最小的生态需水量在枯水年分别为7 652.0万和4 045.3万m3,平水年分别为7 554.9万和3 994.0万m3,丰水年分别为6 546.3万和3 460.8万m3。植被适宜和最小的生态缺水量在枯水年分别为6 040.3万和2 433.7万m3,平水年分别为5 714.6万和2 153.8万m3,丰水年分别为4 220.4万和1 331.4万m3。【结论】利用FAO提出的生态需水计算方法可以得到植被生长期各月生态需水量,计算结果与利用热脉冲法所得结果差异较小,说明该方法计算结果可靠,可以推广应用于其他干旱区。     

Effects of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on soil mineral N, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality in a grazed pasture system

Recent lysimeter studies have demonstrated that the nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), can reduce nitrate (NO) leaching losses from cow urine patches in grazed pasture systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of fine particle suspension (FPS) DCD on soil mineral N components, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality under grazed pasture conditions. A field study was conducted on the Lincoln University dairy farm, Canterbury, New Zealand, from 2002 to 2006. FPS DCD was applied to grazed pasture plots at 10 kg ha^?1 in early May in addition to applied cow urine patches at a nitrogen (N) loading rate of 1000 kg N ha^?1, with DCD reapplied in early August. Soil mineral N levels in the urine patches were monitored. Pasture yield, N and cation concentrations and uptake were measured in treatment urine patches and inter‐urine areas of the pasture. Comparisons were made with control plots which did not receive DCD. NO levels under the DCD‐treated urine patches (0–7.5 cm) were in the order of 10 kg N ha^?1 compared with 40–80 kg N ha^?1 under untreated patches, and soil ammonium (NH) levels were consistently higher under the DCD‐treated patches. The DCD significantly and consistently increased pasture yield in both the urine patches, and inter‐urine areas of the pasture in all 4 years of the trial. Mean annual dry matter (DM) yields over 4 years were inter‐urine areas, 10.3; inter‐urine + DCD, 12.4; urine, 12.4 and urine +DCD 16.0 t DM ha^?1, representing an average DM yield increase of 20 and 29% in inter‐urine and urine patch areas, respectively. On a whole paddock basis, the increase in annual DM yield resulting from DCD application was estimated to be 21%. N, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) concentrations in pasture were unaffected by treatment with DCD; however, total annual uptake of these nutrients by pasture was significantly higher in all years where DCD had been applied. Pasture DM, protein, carbohydrate, metabolizable energy and fibre levels and sward clover content were not affected by treatment with DCD. The results demonstrate the agronomic value of the DCD treatment in addition to the environmental benefits in a grazed pasture system.     

两个海大香肉鸡品系屠宰性能与肉质性状的比较

以在相同条件下饲养的72日龄海大香Ⅱ号鸡、海大香特Ⅱ号鸡为研究对象,测定其屠宰性能及部分肉质指标.结果表明:两品系产肉性能均良好,Ⅱ号鸡和特Ⅱ号鸡的屠宰率平均为90.99%及89.72%,全净膛率平均为69.90%及67.78%;无论在两品系间还是性别间,肌间脂宽、皮下脂厚、腹脂率以及胸腿肌含脂率等各项脂肪指标皆差异不显著(P＞0.05);特Ⅱ号鸡(慢速生长)的脂肪沉积能力要比Ⅱ号鸡(中速生长)高;两品系的胸腿肌肉含脂率均表现为母鸡比公鸡高的趋势;无论在两品系间还是性别间,胸腿肌失水率及蒸煮损失率皆差异不显著(P＞0.05);同一样本中,胸肌失水率大于腿肌,腿肌的蒸煮损失率大于胸肌.     

低压电力线载波通信的集散控制数据交换研究

低压电力线载波通信的集散控制数据交换平台,由若干集散控制接口单元组成,集散控制接口单元具有低压电力线载波通信功能及RS485总线通信功能,集散控制接口单元之间利用PL2102实现低压电力线载波通信,通过低压电力线完成上位机和下位机之间的数据交换.