Optimising codend configuration in a multispecies demersal trawl fishery

Abstract The relative efficiencies and selectivities of conventional and modified codends were examined in a demersal trawl fishery targeting several species, including eastern king prawns, Penaeus plebejus (Hess), whiting, Sillago spp. and cephalopods. The modifications to codends included: (i) reducing the circumference; (ii) increasing the mesh size in conventional diamond‐mesh designs; and (iii) orientating meshes on the bar so that they were square shaped. The codends were tested against a fine‐meshed control in paired comparisons onboard three commercial trawlers. The conventional codend comprised 41‐mm diamond‐shaped mesh attached to an anterior extension section at a ratio of 150 to 100 meshes and was demonstrated to be non‐selective for the targeted species. Reducing codend circumference to 100 meshes and increasing the size of mesh to 45 mm both improved selection for eastern king prawns, but the lateral mesh openings were estimated to be insufficient to allow juveniles of the other key species to escape. By contrast, codends made from 35‐ and 41‐mm mesh hung on the bar improved the size selection for eastern king prawns and selected stout whiting, Sillago robusta (Stead) (the smallest commercial‐sized fish) across narrow selection ranges and at 50% sizes of retention (L₅₀s) that were closely correlated to the transverse morphology of fish and the maximum mesh opening. With the exception of a reduction in catches of octopus, Octopus spp., by the 41‐square codend, there were no other impacts on commercial catches by the square‐mesh designs. It was concluded that diamond‐mesh codends are inappropriate for use throughout this multispecies fishery and that a modified design comprising at least 35‐mm mesh hung on the bar is required to minimise the fishing mortality of unwanted sizes of the key target species. The results are discussed in terms of the utility of these types of modifications for closely regulating selection in penaeid‐shrimp trawls.     

Condition assessment of lamprey populations in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment,north‐east England,and the potential influence of physical migration barriers

• 1. River lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are designated features of the River Derwent Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and the Humber Estuary (a possible SAC). This study determined the condition of lamprey populations in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment by assessing the species composition, distribution, abundance and size‐structure of larval (ammocoete) populations in five major tributary rivers (Derwent, Swale, Ure, Nidd and Wharfe).
• 2. According to EU condition assessment criteria, Lampetra populations (assumed to be mostly river lamprey) are at present in favourable condition, with site mean (±SE) densities ranging from 2.7 (±1.2) to 160.3 (±50.5) individuals m^?2 (all river means >2 individuals m^?2), and at least two size (≈age) classes present in optimal microhabitats. By contrast, no sea lamprey larvae were recorded, suggesting that populations of this species are in unfavourable condition.
• 3. Actions to protect and enhance nationally or internationally important stocks must be implemented from at least a catchment perspective, because many of the issues affecting such species are not localized. With respect to lampreys, particular attention should be given to protecting spawning and nursery habitats, improving water quality, reducing impingement at abstraction points, preventing exploitation at spawning grounds and increasing passage at potential physical obstructions.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体粒度分布特征及对氮素的响应

为了给小麦品质改良提供依据,以强筋小麦品种藁城8901和弱筋小麦品种山农1391为材料,设置不同氮素水平,研究了籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)颗粒粒径分布特征及对氮素水平的响应.结果表明,小麦籽粒GMP颗粒粒径范围为0.375～200 μm.GMP颗粒体积分布总体上呈双峰曲线变化,＜12 μm的GMP颗粒体积百分比为11.2％～45％,＞12 μm的GMP颗粒体积百分比为55.0％～88.8％.与弱筋小麦山农1391相比,强筋小麦藁城8901有较高比例的＞12 μm颗粒.GMP颗粒数目分布表现为单峰分布,＜4 μm和＜12 μm的颗粒数目百分比分别为97.5％～98.0％和99.9％,表明小麦GMP颗粒中绝大多数为＜4 μm的小颗粒.在施氮0～240 kg·hm-2范围内,随着施氮量的增加,＜12 μm颗粒体积百分比显著降低,12～90 μm、＞90 μm颗粒体积百分比增加,说明适量施氮能够显著提高GMP大、中颗粒比例.过量氮素不利于小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体的形成.     

延安地区降雨引发黄土泥流的试验研究

在野外模拟降雨条件下,研究了黄土粒度分布和微结构在降雨前后的变化及其对泥流启动的影响.结果表明,采自径流沉积物的降雨后土样中的细黏粒、粗黏粒体积含量分别相对增加了22％和18％,而粗粉粒、微砂体积含量分别相对减少了7.6％和3.3％.坡面残余土的粒度“粗化”,降雨后土骨架连接松散,这些由降雨引起的黄土的粒度和微结构变化说明降雨后黄土的抗剪强度和抗压能力将降低,导致泥流启动的可能性增加.随着降雨入渗,当沿坡面的黄土重力分力与抗剪强度间的平衡被打破,黄土开始滑移并发展成泥流.有效防止坡面土粒度“粗化”是遏制水土流失的关键.     

植被恢复过程中侵蚀红壤有机质变化研究

基于2001年与2011年两期土壤样品数据,对江西省兴国县植被恢复过程中侵蚀红壤有机质的变化进行了研究。结果表明：10年间,纯林、林草及林灌草结构下表层(0 ~ 10 cm)土壤有机质变化值分别为?-5.8、-0.1及8.0 g/kg,千枚岩、红砂岩及花岗岩成土母质发育的红壤表层土壤有机质变化值分别为8.7、-0.5及 -3.1 g/kg。植被垂直结构对表层土壤有机质的变化影响显著,主要是由于植被覆盖度及生物量的不同引起的凋落物量的差异所导致;土壤颗粒组成是表层土壤有机质变化的重要影响因素之一,研究区表层土壤有机质的变化与黏粒含量的变化呈显著正相关(P < 0.05);此外,林下土壤侵蚀也影响着表层土壤有机质的变化。     

土壤及泥沙颗粒组成与养分流失的研究

利用自然降雨影响下的农田为试验样地,分析了降雨前后土壤颗粒组成与养分含量的变化,探讨了流失泥沙颗粒组成与养分的变化特征。结果表明,在降雨后,西瓜地与油菜地表土颗粒组成呈现粘粒与粉粒含量减少,砂粒含量相对增加的趋势;土壤养分含量都有不同程度的下降,其中水解氮与速效磷下降的幅度很大,西瓜地与油菜地水解氮降雨后降幅分别为9.67%和7.99%,速效磷的降幅分别为9.20%和8.76%;全氮养分降幅很小,西瓜地与油菜地分别为2.17%和1.54%;流失泥沙细小颗粒含量与养分含量随时间基本都呈降低的变化趋势,并且细小颗粒含量与携带流失的养分含量有显著甚至极显著的正相关性;流失泥沙具有富集粘粒和富集养分的特性,油菜地与西瓜地粘粒富集率分别为1.23和1.20,两样地全氮与速效磷的富集率都在1.3以上,而全磷和水解氮富集率基本处在1.1-1.3之间。     

Tillage and land use effects on soil microporosity in Ohio, USA and Kolombangara, Solomon Islands

Micropores are important to soil moisture retention and plant growth. Microporosity and pore size distribution were evaluated using mercury intrusion porosimetery on aggregates from 35-year-old experiments started in 1962 at Wooster (40.5 °N, 82 °W) and South Charleston (39.8 °N, 84 °W) in Ohio, USA and from three land use practices on Kolombangara (8 °S, 157 °E) in Solomon Islands. Tillage treatments in Ohio included: moldboard plowing (MP), chisel plowing (CP), and no-till (NT) with continuous corn. The land use treatments in Kolombangara included: natural forest (NF), traditional farming (TF) and topsoil removal (TR). Pore size measured in aggregates ranged from 0.2 to 100 μm in diameter. Median pore radius was significantly (P < 0.05) larger for NT than for MP and CP treatments at Wooster, but not at South Charleston. Tillage treatments had significant effect on the volume of both storage and residual pores for both sites in Ohio. Volume of storage and residual pores were higher for Wooster than South Charleston soil. At Kolombangara, the NF treatment had significantly larger median and peak pore radii, and microporosity than TF and TR treatments. There was, however, no significant difference among treatments in the volume of pore size distribution. These data support a recommendation for adoption of no-till or conservation tillage in soils of the temperate region, and of minimal disturbance and effective erosion control in soils of the tropics.     

Wind erosion and sand accumulation effects on soil properties in Horqin Sandy Farmland,Inner Mongolia

Rain-fed agriculture is widespread in Inner Mongolia, northern China, where wind erosion of farmland is very common because of sandy soil and dry, windy weather. However, very little is known about the effects of wind erosion on soil physical and chemical properties in this region. A field experiment was conducted in sandy farmland, where erosional and depositional gradients were established to evaluate the effects of wind erosion and leeward sand accumulation on soil texture, nutrient content, soil water, and soil temperature. The research showed that long term wind erosion could result in significant soil coarseness, infertility and dryness. Severe erosion reduced clay by 59.6%, organic C by 71.2%, total N by 67.4%, total P by 31.4%, available N by 64.5%, available P by 38.8%, and average soil water content by 51.8%, compared with non-eroded farmland in the study region. The sand fraction (particles > 0.05 mm), pH and ground-surface temperature increased by 6.2%, 3.7%, and 2.2 °C, respectively. Accumulated sand also caused a decrease in nutrients and soil water content. Under severe sand accumulation, clay was reduced by 2.0%, organic C by 19.3%, total N by 21.7%, total P by 13.7%, available N by 52.5%, and average soil water content by 26.6%. The sand fraction, pH, available P, and ground-surface temperature increased by 0.2%, 0.9%, 5.8% and 2.8 °C, respectively.     

投影寻踪模型在水稻灌溉制度评价中的应用

优化水稻灌溉制度是解决粮食安全与水资源短缺两大紧迫问题的关键。从水稻灌溉制度评价方法研究出发,针对传统的水稻灌溉制度评价中指标权重赋值客观性差的问题,提出了基于粒子群优化投影寻踪模型的水稻灌溉制度评价方法,该方法通过对水稻主要生育阶段的多个状态变量建立投影寻踪模型并优化投影方向,从而根据状态变量在最佳投影方向线型投影得到的投影值大小进行水稻灌溉制度的综合评价,避免了专家赋权的人为干扰。选取水稻分蘖及灌浆2个重要生育阶段,分别建立模型并对4种灌溉模式进行综合评价,其评判结果与实际相符,验证了该方法的准确性与可行性。     

基于地下水合理埋深的井渠结合灌区水资源联合调控

以泾惠渠灌区为例,针对井渠结合灌区地下水超采及地下水位上升而导致的农田灌溉水环境等问题,从水位调控水量的角度出发,提出了基于地下水位合理埋深的水资源调控模式。在确定不同水文地质单元和不同植被类型条件下地下水位合理埋深上下限的基础上,结合PSO-RBF神经网络对地下水位埋深预测的结果,设计了基本、节水两种水资源联合方案,对不同保证率下的灌区水资源进行了联合调控。结果表明:泾惠渠灌区地下水位合理埋深上限介于1.76~3.50m,下限介于8.7~25.0m,不同水文地质单元、植被类型的水位埋深上下限值差异较大;水资源联合调控时,局部地区出现地下水超采,需加强节水灌溉和多水源的联合调控。