Comparison between mainstream (Capnostat 5) and a low-flow sidestream capnometer (Capnostream) in mechanically ventilated,sevoflurane-anesthetized rabbits using a Bain coaxial delivery system

ObjectiveTo evaluate agreement between end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe′CO₂) and PaCO₂ with sidestream and mainstream capnometers in mechanically ventilated anesthetized rabbits, with two ventilatory strategies.Study designProspective experimental study.AnimalsA total of 10 New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.6 ± 0.3 kg (mean ± standard deviation).MethodsRabbits anesthetized with sevoflurane were intubated with an uncuffed endotracheal tube (3.0 mm internal diameter) and adequate seal. For Pe′CO₂, the sidestream capnometer sampling adapter or the mainstream capnometer was placed between the endotracheal tube and Bain breathing system (1.5 L minute^–1 oxygen). PaCO₂ was obtained from arterial blood collected every 5 minutes. A time-cycled ventilator delivered an inspiratory time of 1 second and 12 or 20 breaths minute^–1. Peak inspiratory pressure was initially set to achieve Pe′CO₂ normocapnia of 35–45 mmHg (4.6–6.0 kPa). A total of five paired Pe′CO₂ and PaCO₂ measurements were obtained with each ventilation mode for each capnometer. Anesthetic episodes were separated by 7 days. Agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis and linear mixed models; p < 0.05.ResultsThere were 90 and 83 pairs for the mainstream and sidestream capnometers, respectively. The mainstream capnometer underestimated PaCO₂ by 12.6 ± 2.9 mmHg (proportional bias 0.44 ± 0.06 mmHg per 1 mmHg PaCO₂ increase). With the sidestream capnometer, ventilation mode had a significant effect on Pe′CO₂. At 12 breaths minute^–1, Pe′CO₂ underestimated PaCO₂ by 23.9 ± 8.2 mmHg (proportional bias: 0.81 ± 0.18 mmHg per 1 mmHg PaCO₂ increase). At 20 breaths minute^–1, Pe′CO₂ underestimated PaCO₂ by 38.8 ± 5.0 mmHg (proportional bias 1.13 ± 0.10 mmHg per 1 mmHg PaCO₂ increase).Conclusions and clinical relevanceBoth capnometers underestimated PaCO₂. The sidestream capnometer underestimated PaCO₂ more than the mainstream capnometer, and was affected by ventilation mode.     

Analysis of Structure with Tuned Mass Damper under Earthquake

The analysis of vibration response of structure with TMD is carried out under earthquake ,considering the ground-structure interaction. The varying rule of square difference of displacement of structure with the TMD on or off by changing the first inherent frequency is also presented .It has been proved by comparing and analyzing that a TMDstructure with optimum parameters can efficiently reduce the vibration of structure under strong wind and earthquake,when the main frequency of the ground motion is within the range of TMD vibration reducing frequency.     

Simulation Propagation of Partial Discharge UHF Signals in Transformer

Many factors affect the propagation of ultra high frequency(UHF) signals caused by partial discharge(PD) on the waveforms and energy of signals in transformer.To investigate the relationshi Pof factors and UHF signals,simulation model of transformer for PD study are established.UHF signals in simulation model of transformer caused by PD are calculated using finite difference time domain method.By means of amplitude and cumulative energy plot of simulation signals,and combing the measured result,the following factors:distance between PD source and detection position,different metallic conductor position around detection position and iron core and winding are researched,which contribute to comprehend the propagation characteristic of UHF signals and detect UHF signals accurately.     

PROBABILISTIC EVALUATION FOR STEEL FRAME COLUMNS OF TALL BUILDINGS

Based on properties of parameters and test data of dom-estic steel,this paper analyses the reliability and partial coefficient forresistance of steel frame columns of tall builings.The result may serveas a scientific basis.It is not only for domestic steel instead of importedsteel in building tall steel structures,but also for compiling concerendstandards.     

A SUFFICIENT CONDITION OF TWOFOLD MAGIC SQUARE

This paper uses n nature numbers from 1 to n to form a numerical table of twofold maoic square' s necessary condition. It also proves that x>n(n-1) and the numerical table is the sufficient condition of the basic solution.     

The Algorithm of Searching out the Least and Most Loops by Making Use of Direction Factor

Based upon the conception of the least loop,the most loop and direction factor presented by the author firstly,the algorithm of searching out the least and most loops has been designed.By building the adjoining matrix, confirming the start-point of searching,vectorizing the searching sides,calculating the direction factor of adjoining sides,we can search out the next side of the least loop or the most loop rapidly.With a valid searching side being confirmed at every searching and the searching scope being reduced by forming degenerate graph,the time compexity of the algorithm is much less. In the research of the automatic calculating system of construction quantities, the problem of houses partition and out-wall partition had been solved succesfully by utilizing this searching algorithm.     

基于LS-SVM的小水电站年发电量智能预测模型

针对小水电站年发电量序列的特点,将最小二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machine,LS-SVM)回归模型引入年发电量预测领域,并给出了相应的过程和算法。与常规基于人工神经网络(artificial neural net-works,ANN)的智能预测方法比较,该模型优点是明显的:①将神经网络迭代学习问题转化为直接求解多元线性方程;②整个训练过程中有且仅有一个全局极值点,确定了预测的稳定性。最后,一个实际的预测例子表明:该模型实现容易、预测准确,适用于小水电站预测。     

基于最小二乘支持向量机模型预测田面糙率

田面糙率是影响地面灌溉质量的重要参数。基于最小二乘支持向量机建立了两类4个田面糙率预测模型,并进行了验证。结果表明第一类模型预测值(即作物地采用LSSVM-N-I3、裸地采用LSSVM-N-I1,翻耕地采用LSSVM-N-I2)相对误差最大值为9.7%;第二类模型预测值(即LSSVM-N-II模型)相对误差最大值为10.5%,由此可见两类模型都具有较高的预测精度,可以用于田面糙率的预测。     

变压器局部放电在线监测技术分析

阐述了变压器局部放电在线监测的原理、现状以及在线监测方案如何选择，分析了变压器局部放电在线监测中的各种干扰及其抑制方法并提出了实际监测中分层式抑制干扰的模式，探析了目前在线监测局部放电所存在的问题。     

使用迭代重加权最小二乘法求解平面度误差

提出了几何误差评定的迭代重加权最小二乘（IRLS-Iterative Reweighted Least Squares)算法。该算法采用一个迭代过程求解一系列加权最小二乘问题，并在每一步迭代中按照一定的规则对权系数进行调整，使其逐步逼近最优拉格朗日乘子。对于用CMM(坐标测量机)和其他设备得到的数据，可得到平面度误差的精确值。