用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测动物源性食品中头孢喹肟残留

建立了动物源性食品中头孢喹肟残留量检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。样品经乙腈水溶液提取后,用C18固相萃取柱净化、浓缩。头孢喹肟残留量在10～500μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9996。方法检测限为1 ng/g,定量限为5 ng/g。猪肌肉在5～100 ng/g空白添加浓度范围内平均回收率为57.7%～69.4%,RSD为6.68%～13.41%,猪肝在5～100 ng/g空白添加浓度范围内平均回收率为50.6%～58.6%,RSD为5.13%～12.42%,牛奶在5～40 ng/g空白添加浓度范围内中平均回收率为59.2%～65.3%,RSD为6.12%～13.26%。     

蒙古族草原游牧文化(Ⅰ)——蒙古族的形成、语言文字、教育及宗教信仰

通过查阅蒙古族文献资料,多数学者认为蒙古族源自:东胡→鲜卑(乌桓)→室韦(鞑靼)→蒙古。1206年春,蒙古部首领铁木真经过多次征战终于完成了蒙古地区诸部的统一大业,建立了"伊克.蒙高勒.兀鲁思",即大蒙古国。蒙古语属阿尔泰语系蒙古语族。蒙古文有胡都木文和托忒文。胡都木蒙古文应用广泛。古代的蒙古族信仰萨满教。13世纪初叶,藏传佛教开始传入蒙古地区,蒙古上层改信红派喇嘛教,从16世纪后始接受格鲁派喇嘛教,而入主中亚、西亚的蒙古族大部改信伊斯兰教,东欧的蒙古族改信东正教。但从事牧业的民间还保留有萨满教。历史上蒙古族的教育以家庭教育为主,藏传佛教寺院教育为副。寺院教育培养出了不少精通藏文和医术的知识分子。中华人民共和国成立后民族教育应运而生。从蒙古包小学建立和蒙汉"双语"教学体系日渐完善、高标准寄宿制学校的建成,1997年"普九"通过验收,经历了四个发展阶段。蒙古族从小就通过格言、谚语来进行家庭道德、社会公德、人际道德教育。     

Mortality,morbidity, and external injuries in piglets housed in two different housing systems

An investigation was undertaken to study two different types of farrowing pens, use being made of well characterized veterinary parameters for the well‐being of piglets. A housing system with a solid floor and straw‐bedding was compared with a partly metal‐slatted floor system. The veterinary parameters we used were mortality, morbidity, and external injuries in piglets. There were slight differences in mortality and morbidity rates between the two housing systems. There were big differences with regard tp the piglets” injury‐index’ of the two housing systems. The straw system was more favourable. The studies show that obervations of external injuries ('Method of Ekesbo') can be used to judge housing systems of piglets in the farrowing house.     

Foot use and hand preference during feeding in captive black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti)

Postural origin theory predicts that body postures are related to hand preference in nonhuman primates due to hemispheric specialization. Foot preference, especially in manipulating objects, is also a good predictor of hemispheric specialization in humans. We studied limb (hand and foot) preferences in 11 captive adult black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) to see how limb preference is influenced by postures and foot manipulation. Hand preference was significantly different for this group between quadrupedal standing and clinging postures, and sitting and clinging postures, but not between bipedal standing and clinging postures. Individuals were significantly more likely to use the right hand in the clinging posture than in quadrupedal standing or sitting postures. In the sitting posture, individuals maintained their respective hand preference even when the food was on the other side of the body. There was a gender difference in the sitting posture, where females preferred their right hand but males preferred their left. Individuals who did not routinely use their feet to manipulate objects, compared to those who did, shifted to greater right hand use from the clinging posture to the bipedal posture. One male individual and his offspring were more likely to use their feet to manipulate objects than the rest of the monkeys. In the present study, we reveal the first evidence of a postural effect on hand preference in R. bieti as well as a foot preference in this species. Our results mostly agree with the postural origin theory and hemispheric specialization.     

云南省思茅松林碳储量动态变化研究

依据云南省历次森林资源清查数据,采用云南省林业调查规划院建立的思茅松生物量与蓄积量模型和碳系数,计算各调查年份的生物量和碳储量,分析云南省39年来思茅松林碳储量、碳密度变化情况。结果表明,思茅松幼龄林碳储量变化趋势为稳中略升,碳密度变化趋势为稳步增大;中龄林碳储量急剧减少,碳密度略有降低;近熟林碳储量稳步增加,碳密度小幅提升;成熟林碳储量变化趋势为减少,碳密度变化趋势为增大;过熟林碳储量变化趋势为减少,碳密度变化趋势为增加。人工林碳储量总体变化趋势为增加,碳密度总体变化趋势为小幅增加;天然林碳储量总体变化趋势为下降,碳密度总体变化趋势为增加。思茅松龄组、起源等结构上的变化趋势有增有减、有升有降,但生物量和碳储量的总体变化趋势为减少,碳密度呈上升趋势。     

来安花红品种特性及发展状况

JIN Le-zhong(Laian Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Laian,Anhui 239200)     

陕西关中地区肉牛产地同位素溯源技术初探

为应用牛组织中C、N同位素组成的区域分布和同位素指标溯源肉牛产地,本文利用同位素比率质谱仪(IRMS)对陕西关中不同区县来源的牛尾毛样品的1δ3C和1δ5N值进行检测,通过聚类分析,研究陕西关中地区肉牛组织中同位素组成的区域分布情况。结果表明,杨凌区、眉县牛尾毛样品聚为一类;乾县、永寿县样品聚为一类;麟游县样品聚为一类;扶风县、岐山县和凤翔县分类不十分明显,分散在上述3类中。说明陕西关中不同地区肉牛组织中同位素组成存在差异,利用它们可进行肉牛地域的小范围溯源。     

Genetic diversity of Bangladeshi native chickens based on complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region

ABSTRACT

1. The aim of this study was to explore genetic diversity and possible origin of Bangladeshi (BD) native chickens. The complete mtDNA D-loop region was sequenced in 60 chickens representing five populations; naked neck, full feathered, Aseel, Hilly and autosomal dwarf. The 61 reference sequences representing different domestic chicken clades in China, India, Laos, Indonesia, Myanmar, and other Eurasian regions were included. The mtDNA D-loop sequence polymorphism and maternal origin of five BD populations were analysed.

2. A total of 35 polymorphic sites, and 21 haplotypes were detected in 60 mtDNA D-loop sequences. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of the five populations were 0.921 ± 0.018 and 0.0061 ± 0.0019, respectively. Both mtDNA network and phylogenetic analysis indicated four clades (four haplogroups) in BD populations (21 haplotypes) along with 61 reference haplotypes. Clade E contained the most individuals (20) and haplotypes (11) of BD chickens, followed by clade D (17, 6), clade C (12, 2) and clade F (11, 2), respectively.

3. The higher number of unique haplotypes found in Yunnan, China, suggested that the origin of BD chickens was in this region. The haplotypes from different haplogroups were introduced in Bangladeshi chickens from India, China and Myanmar. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship of BD chickens with the clusters from India, China, Myanmar and Laos, and indicated the dispersion of BD chickens from these sources. The phylogenetic information revealed high genetic diversity of BD chickens because of their origin from different lineages with high genetic variation and distance, which was determined from four cluster and neighbour-joining trees.

4. In conclusion, BD populations had high genetic diversity. The mtDNA network profiles and phylogenetic trees showed multiple maternal origins of BD chickens from India, China, Myanmar and Laos.     

Parent‐of‐origin effects on carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle

Variances caused by the differential expression of paternally and maternally imprinted genes controlling carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle were estimated in this study. Data on marbling score (BMS), carcass weight, rib thickness, rib‐eye area (REA) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) were collected from a total of 13,115 feedlot steers and heifers in a commercial population. A sire–maternal grandsire model was used to analyse the data, and then, imprinting parameters were derived by replacing the genetic effect of the dam with the effect of the maternal grandsire in the imprinting model to calculate the genetic parameter estimates. The proportions of the total genetic variance attributable to imprinted genes ranged from 8.7% (SFT) to 35.2% (BMS). The remarkably large imprinting variance of BMS was mainly contributed by maternally expressed inheritance because the maternal contribution of the trait was much larger than that of the paternal trait. The parent‐of‐origin effect originating from maternal gene expression was also observed for REA. The results suggested the existence of genomic imprinting effects on the traits of the Japanese Black cattle. Hence, the parent‐of‐origin effect should be considered for the genetic evaluation of Japanese Black cattle in breeding programmes.     

文学天宇中一道夺目的闪电——论寻根文学

20世纪80年代出现的寻根文学是新时期文学发展的一次重要探索。它对于新时期文学的意义是巨大而深远的。它提供了政治话语写作以外的另一种写作范式,指明了小说可以朝着无限广阔的文化领域进军,召唤着作家大胆借鉴新的创作资源。当它为后人提供可资借鉴的学术资源时,也存在着许多不足。文中主要从“寻根文学”的渊源、背景、理论、作家作品及所受到的外来影响等多方面试图对寻根文学做一次较为全面的梳理和把握。