毛白杨起源的细胞遗传学研究

对毛白杨(PopulustomentosaCarr.)花粉母细胞减数分裂观察发现,其同源染色体联会较差,在终变期、中期Ⅰ可见到出现频率较高的单价体,在后期Ⅰ、末期Ⅰ亦可经常见到落后染色体的存在,证明部分同源染色体间存在一定程度的异质性,即毛白杨属杂种起源.进一步依据毛白杨、新疆杨和它们的杂种毛新杨染色体的联会情况及花粉育性等推断,银白杨或新疆杨有可能作为起源亲本之一参与了毛白杨种的形成.     

原生动物起源的模糊性问题及其解决途径

原生动物起源是动物学、生物进化论研究的重要内容之一,原生动物的元祖生物的起源与演化等诸多问题尚不清楚．根据古生物学和现代生物进化论研究的成就,就原生动物起源中起源形成动物、起源生物及其不确定原因进行分析,提出几种理论假设及解决途径．     

中国牡丹起源的研究

中国牡丹在长期的历史发展和人工选择过程中,形成了３个较大的品种群和１２个较小的品种群．这些品种群大多为多元起源．与栽培牡丹起源有关的野生原种有矮牡丹（稷山牡丹）、紫斑牡丹、杨山牡丹等．该文总结了野生原种与各品种群之间的相互关系．     

表达牛乳铁蛋白肽的重组鸡源乳酸杆菌抗IBDV感染的研究

为探究表达牛乳铁蛋白肽的重组鸡源乳酸杆菌pPG-XLFEC/M11对雏鸡抵抗传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)感染的作用,本研究利用IBDVCEF94株感染DF-1细胞,通过CCK-8法检测病毒感染后的细胞活性,利用qRT-PCR检测病毒载量,结果显示重组乳酸菌表达的牛乳铁蛋白肽可以抑制IBDV在DF-1细胞内的增殖;以重组乳酸菌pPG-XLFEC/M11饲喂雏鸡,利用IBDV强毒UK661株进行攻毒实验,结果显示饲喂重组菌的雏鸡相比于对照组,IBDV的感染对其组织器官的损伤较小,总免疫球蛋白IgG和SIgA含量增加,细胞因子IL-6、IL-8、TNF-琢和IFN-酌以及TLR2的mRNA转录水平均显著升高,且提高了雏鸡的存活率。本实验结果表明,重组鸡源乳酸杆菌表达的牛乳铁蛋白肽可以增强机体的免疫应答水平,对雏鸡具有一定的抗IBDV感染的作用。本研究为表达牛乳铁蛋白肽的重组鸡源乳酸杆菌在生产中的应用以及为禽类疾病的预防奠定基础。     

内蒙古牙克石喇嘛山花岗岩景观特征及成因分析

内蒙古牙克石市喇嘛山有海西期至燕山期白岗质花岗岩岩组和花岗斑岩岩组出露。受新华夏构造体系波及,塑性地层发生褶皱,刚性岩层断裂,形成区内大小28座突兀挺拔、陡峭嶙峋的花岗岩奇峰;又由于该区气候湿润,岩石风化、溶蚀较快,周围岩石脱落,导致各种类型的花岗岩峰石球化,形成大量石蛋、石柱、象形石、石槽、岩臼、石穴等微地貌。文中简述了喇嘛山花岗岩景观的类型、特征,对其成因进行了分析。     

大渡河上游天然岷江柏木移植试验及种质资源保存

为寻找岷江柏木最佳的种质资源保存方式,以马尔康市天然起源岷江柏木为对象,从岷江柏木移植试验入手,结合已有的岷江柏木种质资源保存方法,进行了两方面研究:1)探讨了不同移植时间、不同树龄、不同修枝比例对岷江柏木移植的影响。试验共移植216株个体,1 a后成活8株,成活率3.70%。主根发达、须根偏少,土壤贫瘠且砾石含量多,移植施工的直接伤害、移植地环境难以完全相似等因素,直接影响到岷江柏木移植的成活率。2)比较了原地保护、异地移植、采种育苗、存入种质资源库等岷江柏木种质资源保护方式。提出在原地保存不可行的情况下,应优先采取采种育苗,结合入库保存等方式保护岷江柏木种质资源。     

沙尘暴尘源形成及分布

沙尘暴(sand—duststorm)系指强风把地表大量沙尘卷入到空中，使空气特别浑浊，水平能见度低于1000m的灾害性天气现象。是1种危害性极大的灾害性天气。它的发生和发展是加速土地荒漠化的重要过程，又是土地荒漠化发展到一定程度的具体体现。沙尘暴尘源物质的形成及分布是形成沙尘暴必不可少的物质条件。本文在查阅分析了大量关于沙尘暴研究等文献的基础上，从沙尘暴尘源形成因素、尘源种类及分布等方面，对沙尘暴尘源的研究进行了简要的总结，反映沙尘暴尘源方面的研究进展。     

SnToxA,SnTox1, and SnTox3 originated in Parastagonospora nodorum in the Fertile Crescent

The centre of origin of the globally distributed wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum has remained uncertain because only a small number of isolates from the Fertile Crescent were included in earlier population genetic and phylogeographic studies. We isolated and genetically analysed 193 P. nodorum strains from three naturally infected wheat fields distributed across Iran using 11 neutral microsatellite loci. Compared to previous studies that included populations from North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and China, the populations from Iran had the highest genetic diversity globally and also exhibited greater population structure over smaller spatial scales, patterns typically associated with the centre of origin of a species. Genes encoding the necrotrophic effectors SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3 were found at a high frequency in the Iranian population. By sequencing 96 randomly chosen Iranian strains, we detected new alleles for all three effector genes. Analysis of allele diversity showed that all three effector genes had higher diversity in Iran than in any population included in previous studies, with Iran acting as a hub for the effector diversity that was found in other global populations. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that P. nodorum originated either within or nearby the Fertile Crescent with a genome that already encoded all three necrotrophic effectors during its emergence as a pathogen on wheat. Our findings also suggest that P. nodorum was the original source of the ToxA genes discovered in the wheat pathogens Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp. tritici 1, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Bipolaris sorokiniana.     

Analysis of the Genetic Diversity and Origin of Some Chinese Domestic Duck Breeds

Twelve fluorescence-labeled microsatellite markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 12 domestic duck breeds and 2 wild duck breeds to determine the relationship and origin of Chinese domestic duck breeds. Gene frequency, effective number of alleles （Ne）, expected heterozygosity （He）, polymorphism information contents （PIC）, inbreeding coefficient in population （Fis）, standard genetic distance （Ds）, and genetic distance （DA） were calculated by FSTAT and distance and phylogenetic analysis after the dates which were output from the Microsatellite-Toolkit software. Genetic distances between 12 domestic duck breeds and 2 wild duck breeds were analyzed by variance analysis. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） and phylogenetic trees used for cluster analysis were structured. The results indicated that 11 loci had medium- or high-level genetic diversity among the 12 loci, which could be efficiently used in the detection of the genetic parameters of each population. The values of He were 0.5414 to 0.7343, those of PIC proved similar, and those of Fis were 0.1101 to 0.3381 among all populations. All breeds were clustered into three groups by UPGMA phylogenetic trees. Banzui duck was clustered into a separate group. Differences of the DA were analysed by t-test. The results showed that difference in DA between the 12 domestic duck breeds and Lvtou duck and the Banzui duck were very significant （P〈0.01）, indicating that these 12 domestic duck breeds originated from Lvtou wild duck, but not Banzui duck.     

Geographical origin and drying methodology may affect the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill) N.E. Brown

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown, the ginger grass, is a medicinal and aromatic plant widely used in Latin America. In this work the effect of the geographical origin and different drying methodologies on L. alba leaves production, essential oil content and composition were evaluated. Field experiments were conducted in three different municipalities (Amargosa, Cruz das Almas and Santo Antônio de Jesus) from Bahia region (Brazil) and two drying methodologies (traditional and artificial with controlled conditions) were assessed. Fresh and dried leaves essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and their volatiles were determined by gas chromatography.The geographical origin affected the mass production, essential oil content and both qualitative and quantitative fractions of their composition. Leaves from Cruz das Almas had higher yield in essential oil content. Overall, 26 oil constituents were identified. Carvone, germacrene D and limonene were the main oil constituents. The drying methodologies combined with the geographic origin influenced essential oil composition showing that L. alba constituents were influenced by post-harvest treatments. Some constituents were sensitive to both methods applied, while some enhanced their content like germacrene D.