Involvement of Bradyrhizobium japonicum denitrification in symbiotic nitrogen fixation by soybean plants subjected to flooding

Denitrification by Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids contributes to nitric oxide (NO) production within soybean nodules in response to flooding conditions. However, the physiological relevance of NO production by denitrification in B. japonicum-Glycine max symbiosis is still unclear. In this work, soybean plants were inoculated with B. japonicum strains lacking the nirK or norC genes which encode the copper-containing nitrite reductase and the c-type nitric oxide reductase enzymes, respectively. 14 days flooding increased nodule number of plants inoculated with the WT and norC strains, but not of plants inoculated with the nirK mutant. However, nodule dry weight was not affected by 14 days flooding regardless of the strain used for inoculation. Supporting this observation, individual nodule growth was significantly higher in plants inoculated with nirK than those inoculated with WT or norC after 14 days flooding. Nodule functioning was strongly inhibited by flooding since leghemoglobin content of the nodules induced by any of the strains was significantly decreased after 7 or 14 days flooding compared to control plants. However, this effect was more relevant in nodules of plants inoculated with the WT or norC mutant than in those inoculated with the nirK mutant. Nitrogen fixation was also estimated by analyzing nitrogen content derived from biological nitrogen fixation in shoots, using the ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique. By using this approach, we observed that the negative effect of 14 days flooding on nitrogen fixation was more pronounced in plants inoculated with the norC mutant. However, nitrogen fixation of plants inoculated with nirK showed the highest tolerance to 14 days flooding. These findings allowed us to demonstrate the previously proposed hypothesis which suggests that NO formed by copper-containing nitrite reductase in soybean nodules, in response to flooding, has a negative effect on nitrogenase activity. We propose that inoculation of soybeans with a B. japonicum nirK mutant, which does not produce NO from nitrate, increases the tolerance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation to flooding.     

横垄耕作的面源污染截留效应研究

为了解横垄耕作的面源污染截留效应,选取吉林省长春市莫家沟小流域横垄耕作坡耕地为研究区,应用210Pbex核素示踪技术得到研究区土壤侵蚀模数为2 268 t/(km2.a),吸附态氮、磷流失负荷分别为4 889、2 022 kg/a;运用RU-SLE2.0模型,模拟在同等立地条件下顺坡耕作土壤侵蚀模数约为6 200 t/(km2.a)。对比结果表明:横垄耕作较顺坡耕作可减少约63%的土壤流失量及随土壤流失的吸附态氮磷负荷。     

水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术试验研究

根据水稻种植的农艺要求,在同步开沟起垄水稻精量穴播技术的基础上进一步提出了一种水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术。调查了在不同种植方式条件下不同品种的水稻根系在稻田中的分布情况,根据根系的分布情况研究了深施肥技术参数,确定了深施肥深度以不超过10 cm为宜,研究了培杂泰丰、玉香油占2种品种水稻施入0~5 cm土层与5~10 cm土层中的肥料比例关系。试验结果表明华南农业大学研制的同步开沟起垄侧位深施肥水稻精量穴播机能满足水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术的要求,可以作为实施水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术的载体。生产试验表明:水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术具有增产、节本的效用。在同等的施肥条件下,机械播种及深施肥处理的有效穗、穗平均实粒数、结实率均高于机械播种人工撒施肥和人工撒直播人工撒施肥,增产418.5~957 kg/hm2,增幅5.86%~13.41%。该文研究可为深施肥机具的设计提供参考依据。     

Impacts of soil erosion on organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in an alpine grassland soil

The impact of soil erosion on the nutrient dynamics in alpine grassland soils is still an essential problem. Selecting a grass-covered hillslope in eastern Tibet Plateau, the cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) technique was used to determine the impacts of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK). The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that there were distinct soil redistribution patterns in different hillslope positions because of the influences of slope runoff, plant coverage and grazing activity. For the upper slope, soil erosion first decreased downward, followed by soil deposition in its lower part. In contrast, for middle and toe slopes, there was an increasing soil erosion along a downslope transect. Across the lower slope, soil erosion showed an irregular variation. Influenced by the selective transport of water erosion, SOC, TN and TP storage decreased with increasing soil erosion in upper, middle and toe slopes. In contrast, SOC, TN and TP storage varied little with soil erosion in the lower slope. On the whole hillslope, TK storage also varied little with soil erosion due to the large amount of potassium elements derived from soil parent materials. Particularly noteworthy was the greatest storage of SOC, TN and TP in the lower slope where most obvious net soil erosion occurred, which is closely related to the humus accumulation combined with gravel separation as well as weathering and pedogenesis of parent rocks induced by soil freeze-thaw.     

吡蚜酮防治褐飞虱的使用技术及对天敌的安全性研究

通过室内生物测定、盆栽和田间试验,研究了新型杀虫剂吡蚜酮对水稻褐飞虱的作用方式、不同龄期毒力、田间使用技术及防治效果,并初步探讨了吡蚜酮对天敌黑肩绿盲蝽和蜘蛛(机敏漏斗蛛)的毒力及其田间数量的影响。结果表明:吡蚜酮对褐飞虱不仅具有触杀作用,还具有较强的内吸作用。吡蚜酮对褐飞虱1龄、3龄若虫的168hLC50值分别为14.99mg·L-1、13.08mg·L-1,显著低于5龄若虫和成虫。盆栽试验发现当盆钵中保持水层时,吡蚜酮的防治效果更高。在褐飞虱低龄期、田间保持水层条件下,应用25%吡蚜酮WP制剂300g·hm-2、450g·hm-2和600g·hm-2,药后15d的防治效果可达95%以上。进一步的研究发现,吡蚜酮对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的安全性级别为较不安全(Ⅲ级),田间使用吡蚜酮后黑肩绿盲蝽数量减少;吡蚜酮对蜘蛛安全性级别为安全(Ⅰ级),田间使用吡蚜酮后蜘蛛数量无明显变化。研究结果为吡蚜酮的合理使用提供了科学依据。     

不同施氮量对水稻氮素吸收与分配的影响

运用15N示踪法研究了不同施氮量对两个品种水稻（4007和武运粳15）干物质积累量与其对15N吸收及分配的影响。结果表明,当施氮量超过N 150 kg/hm2时, 两个品种水稻子粒产量均不再显著增加。4007在4个施氮量下(N 100,150,200和 250 kg/hm2)分别比无氮区增产22.3%,36.9%,43.2%和38.1%;武运粳15分别增产10.6%,18.8%,27.1%和21.5%。同一施氮量下,4007子粒中15N累积量显著高于武运粳15,但茎叶和根中没有差异。增加施氮量降低了15N在水稻子粒中的分配比例,但提高了茎叶中15N的分配比例。15N在根中的分配比例不受施氮量和品种的影响。研究结果还表明,同一施氮量下,4007对肥料氮的总体利用率要比武运粳15高3～6个百分点。     

定向刨花板加固腹板开洞竹木工字梁力学性能研究

为研究定向刨花板(oriented strand board,OSB)加固腹板开洞的竹木工字梁的力学性能,揭示其受力破坏机理。以孔径与腹板高度的比值(d/hw)和补强板型为参数,制作并测试了42根竹木工字梁,考察测试过程中的破坏形态、弯曲变形性能,分析各因素对工字梁力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,当孔径较小(d/hw≤25%)时,试件的破坏形态以翼缘内OSB层裂和腹板剪切破坏为主,孔洞对开洞梁承载力和刚度的影响较小,可忽略不计。当孔径较大(d/hw25%)时,破坏形态以洞口周边受拉和受压破坏为主,随着孔洞直径d增加,孔洞的不利影响愈发明显,开洞梁的承载能力呈下降趋势,但对梁的刚度影响较小。OSB补强板能有效约束孔角裂缝开展,加固后的开洞梁的开裂荷载、正常使用极限状态荷载和承载能力极限状态荷载较未加固开洞梁明显提高,平均提高52.9%、12.1%和28.2%。但OSB补强板对开洞梁抗弯刚度的改善作用不明显,平均提高仅为11.5%。承载力和刚度的提高幅度与补强板类型密切相关,其中,套环定向刨花板(collar oriented strand board,C-OSB)增强效果最好、双U型定向刨花板(two U shaped oriented strand board,TU-OSB)次之,U型定向刨花板(U shaped oriented strand board,U-OSB)最差。C-OSB适合于管道施工前对开洞梁进行加固,而U-OSB和TU-OSB适合加固d/hw不大于75%的开洞梁。粘贴OSB加固开洞竹木工字梁是一种有效的加固方法。     

禾田稻2号选育技术报告

禾田稻2号(代号松辽628)是公主岭市松辽农业科学研究所以白粳1为母本、长白19为父本,双亲配组,有性杂交,后代材料经世代选拔培育,系谱法、穿梭育种,最终选育而成的水稻新品种.该品种株高适中、株型紧凑、分蘖力较强,成穗率好,结实率高,中感稻瘟病,米质好,产量高,综合性状优良,2020年通过内蒙古自治区农作物品种审定委员...     

高度对色斑法测量雨滴粒径影响的试验研究

以前的色斑法雨滴率定只考虑色斑直径与雨滴真实粒径的关系，忽略了高度对率定的影响。在大量试验的基础上，通过回归分析，得到了以色斑直径和高度为变量的率定公式。研究表明，水滴下落高度小于5m时需考虑高度的影响；高度大于5m时，高度的影响可以忽略。通过相关性分析，公式的拟合性较好，对以后的色宽法测量雨滴粒径有指导意义。     

甘蔗收获机智能设计知识表达及知识库系统开发

针对甘蔗收获机领域知识匮乏、重用、共享性差的问题, 通过研究该领域知识的特点,综合利用与或树产生式规则、框架和面向对象的方法表达该领域中的模糊知识及创新性知识, 通过与数据库软件的有效集成,创建智能设计知识库系统,通过对知识库的管理实现知识的获取和维护。