诺贝尔奖在高中生物教学中的应用研究

在总结了高中生物教材中所涉及的诺贝尔生理或医学奖、诺贝尔化学奖内容的基础上,举例探讨了诺贝尔奖知识在高中生物教学中的运用、教学意义以及教师应注意的事项,以期为新课标改革下的生物教学提供参考.     

Cropping systems for the management of phytonematodes

Damage caused by nematodes is one of the limiting factors in crop production. Traditional nematode management is based on the use of crop rotations, resistant cultivars, nematicides, or combinations of these methods. For a crop like peanut (Arachis hypogaea), cultivars resistant to root-knot nematodes are not available. There are soybean (Glycine max) cultivars resistant to some of the species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); however, most fields have nematode infestations composed of mixtures of species. Research at Auburn has shown that tropical crops can be used effectively in rotation to manage nematode problems. Rotations with American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana), castor (Ricinus communis), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta), partridge pea (Cassia fasciculata), sesame (Sesamum indicum), and velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana) have resulted in good nematode control and increased yields of peanut and soybean. Some crops (castor, sesame) are considered ‘active’ in that they produce compounds that are nematicidal, whereas others (e.g. corn, sorghum) are simply non-host, that is, ‘passive’.     

从英美硕士点和院系名称看图书馆的学科现状

本文介绍了美国和英国的图书馆学硕士点设置,描述了该学科在两国的院系归属情况,比较了图书馆学的不同英文名称,分析了名称不统一的原因和所反映出来的对学科的认识现状。     

几种粮食皮壳提取物的抗氧化活性测定

用甲醇和石油醚提取几种粮食皮壳，以β-胡萝卜素漂白法测定提取物的抗氧化活性，并且比较它们的提取率和抗氧化指数的高低。     

森林游憩的生态冲击及对策探讨

森林游憩活动对生态环境的冲击主要来源于开发建设、企业经营和游憩活动三方面;冲击的对象主要表现在植物和土壤、野生动物、水体、大气和种群结构等方面。在全面分析森林游憩对生态环境的冲击的基础上,提出了科学规划、生态化建设和生态化管理等减少生态冲击的对策。     

蒸汽爆破后毛果冷杉湿心材的渗透性分析

测定毛果冷杉湿心材经蒸汽爆破处理后的渗透性, 并进行扫描电镜分析.与对照材相比,毛果冷杉湿心材爆破处理后,径向、弦向的气体渗透性均得到不同程度的改善,且随着爆破压力、爆破温度和爆破循环次数的增加而增加.统计分析表明,不同爆破处理后的湿心材渗透性与对照材的差异均显著.湿心材渗透性的改善,主要是由于蒸汽爆破时产生的蒸汽压力使原本闭塞的纹孔膜产生了部分复位或纹孔膜遭到了破坏.     

南方鲶、大鳍鳠鳔发育的组织学研究

有关硬骨鱼类鳔的研究多集中于形态学和组织学方面[孟庆闻、李婉端,1984;孟庆闻等,1987;郑文彪等,1988;秉志,1983;Harder,1975;Whitehead和Blaxter,1989],而鳔发育的组织学研究较少,仅见王瑞霞[1982]和Berra与David[1989]描述了青鱼及Lepidogalaxias samlamandroides的鳔原基来源。作者选择鲶形目两个不同科的代表种,鲂科的南方鲶Silurus meridionalis(Chen),鲿科的大鳍鳠Mystus maeropterus(Bleeker)为研究对象,详细研究了两种鱼鳔的原基来源、衍化,并比较了二者在结构上的差异。现将结果报导于下。     

巢湖渔业生态环境的层次分析评价

根据巢湖水域渔业生态环境的特点,建立了渔业环境优劣评价体系的递阶层次结构。结合生物监测、水质监测的结果,用三标度法构造了目标层、指标层、分指标层及方案层间的比较矩阵,再经过一定的数学变换,间接地建立了判断矩阵,最后采用通常的层次分析法进行层次单排序和总排序,结合环境实际情况,从而对巢湖水域渔业环境的优劣进行评价。     

Interannual variation in Neocalanus biomass in the Oyashio waters of the western North Pacific

We examined the interannual variation in Neocalanus copepod biomass in the Oyashio waters in spring and summer from 1972 to 1999. In the mid‐1970s, mesozooplankton biomass in spring was high; however, it decreased significantly in the late 1970s. The timing of the decrease in mesozooplankton biomass corresponded to the 1976/77 climatic regime shift. The biomass of N. flemingeri, which dominated the Neocalanus community, was roughly constant from 1980 to 1999. Although species‐level estimates of Neocalanus biomass were not available for the 1970s, a previous study reported that Neocalanus copepods were the predominant mesozooplankton in the Oyashio waters in spring during the 1970s. Neocalanus copepods dominated the mesozooplankton community throughout the 1970s, and their biomass decreased in the late 1970s. Springtime net community production, an index of new production, also decreased in the late 1970s. We suggest that the reduction in new production negatively affected Neocalanus food availability, resulting decreased copepod biomass. New production may have been limited by a combination of subsurface iron supplies, increased vertical density gradient, and reduced vertical water mixing in winter, which resulted in diminished iron entrainment in winter. In summer, mesozooplankton biomass significantly decreased and increased synchronously with the 1976/77 and 1988/89 climatic regime shifts. The biomass of N. plumchrus, which dominated the Neocalanus community, was low in the 1980s and increased in the early 1990s. The biomass of the second‐most dominant copepod, N. cristatus, also increased in the early 1990s. Neocalanus copepods were reported to be a dominant component of the mesozooplankton community in the 1970s; Neocalanus biomass was high in the mid‐1970s and decreased in the late 1970s. Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus), an important predator of Neocalanus copepods, exhibited interannual variation in standing stock that was inversely related to mesozooplankton biomass. At their peak in 1984, sardines consumed 32–138% of the daily Neocalanus production during summer. Therefore, predation pressure on Neocalanus by Japanese sardine is likely to affect interannual variation in mesozooplankton biomass during the summer.