大型底栖动物快速生物评价指数在城市河流生态评估中的应用

为提供更加全面和有效的生态评估方法用以指导城市河流修复和保护,2017年3-4月选择深圳典型城市化区域河流,设置21个监测样点,开展大型底栖动物快速生物评价指数的适用性研究。分别选择生物多样性指数、群落结构指数、敏感性指数和耐污性指数,在评估不同指数适用性的基础上,筛选和构建用于城市河流健康评价的大型底栖动物快速生物评价综合指数。龙岗河大型底栖动物共采集到28科43种,寡毛类是龙岗河的主要优势类群。基于底栖动物群落结构特征对6个大型底栖动物快速生物评估指数进行了比较和分析,其中3种指数较适用于龙岗河城市河流健康评估。在考虑各参数离散度和相关性的前提下,可选择物种数、寡毛类相对丰度和科级耐污生物指数(Family Biotic Index, FBI)构建综合指数用于深圳市河流快速生物评价。健康评价的结果表明龙岗河2个样点为"理想状态",6个样点属于"亚健康"等级,其余13个样点处于"不健康"和"病态"。我国城市河流的有机污染总体较重,以大型底栖动物耐污类群或者敏感类群构建的快速生物评价指数能够较为灵敏地指示河流生态修复成效。     

水生藻类的环境指示作用

为了方便有效地监测水环境中有氮磷污染物、重金属、农药及其他有机污染物等,笔者研究了水生藻类对水体环境中相应污染物的敏感性和耐受性,以及污染物对水域生态系统中藻类种群结构所造成的影响,分析了污染物对水生藻类的毒理和富集等,获得了大量数据。结果表明,水生藻类对一些水环境污染物具有较好的指示作用,该方法便于直观快速地调查分析相应水体的污染情况。     

蔬菜穴盘苗自动精确移栽组合式取苗机构设计与测试

Precision planting is one key point of precision agriculture.A doorframe type swing seedling pick-up device for the automatic precise field transplanter was designed and tested in a laboratory.The seedling device could automatically extract seedlings from growing trays, transfer them, and release them into the planting unit where they were to be precisely transplanted into the ground.It consisted of a path manipulator and two grippers.The path manipulator for seedling extraction was constructed with creative design of Ⅱ-type mechanism combination in series.It consisted of an oscillating guide linkage mechanism and a grooved globoidal cam mechanism.According to the planned seedling pick-up trajectory, the design of the path manipulator for seedling extraction was finished with a set of the closed loop vector equation.The gripper was a pincette-type mechanism using the pick-up pins to penetrate into the root mass for seedling extraction.It consisted of multiple pick-up pins, U-type pull rod, shaft, stop block, compression spring and frame.The mechanical dimensions of the gripper were determined by the tray size and plant characteristic with a set of rectangular equations and the boundary constraint conditions.The final gripper was developed on the basis of cultural practice for vegetable seedling in China.A prototype of the seedling pick-up device was constructed to examine whether its working efficacy was satisfactory or not.According to the analysis on the work process, the seedling pick-up device could precisely complete a work cycle of approaching, penetrating, extracting, transferring, erecting and discharging a seedling.Taking pepper seedlings, tomato seedlings and cucumber seedlings as the transplanting objects, the performance tests were conducted to evaluate the practicality and adaptability of the pick-up device.The laboratory evaluation showed that the pick-up device equipped with two grippers could extract 70 seedlings per minute with an average success ratio of 90.49%.The quality of extracting seedlings was satisfactory.     

灰色残差GM(1,1)模型在大气二氧化硫预测中的应用

应用灰色GM（1，1）模式理论与方法，建立了临安市大气二氧化硫质量浓度的灰色残差预测方程x(t 1)=-0.107432e^-0.095872 0.123917，并进行了预测，预测结果与实测值的相对误差绝对值介于0.56%－14.51%之间，预测结果后验比与小误差概率分别为0.2802和1.0。表明模型与实测值拟合程度好，达到了较高精度，表3参10。     

Consumption of shark products: The interface of sustainability,trade (mis)labelling,human health and human rights

Sharks and rays evolved 450 million years ago, during the Late Ordovician Period. However, during the modern Anthropocene, shark populations have declined at considerable rates, and recent global assessments indicate about one in three species is threatened with extinction. A notable reason for this elevated extinction risk is overfishing linked to increased demand for shark fins and other products. Here, we review multiple dimensions of consuming shark products, ranging from stock sustainability, product (mis)labelling and trade, the human health implications of consuming shark products, and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and slavery and labour abuses in the fishing industry. We conclude that traceability and increased transparency in seafood supply chains is essential to overcome obstacles to consumption of sustainable, ethical and healthy shark products. We also provide a decision tree outlining steps in consumer choice that would foster such consumption. Our aim is to provide a holistic view on issues concerning the consumption of shark products that will help policymakers, the public, management and law enforcement agencies to advocate for ecologically- and ethically sustainable consumption of shark products and thereby empower the general public to make informed decisions on which shark products they consume.     

酸性菜园土养分状况的温网室研究

通过盆栽试验及化学分析,对酸性菜园土的养分状况进行了研究。结果表明,几种酸性菜园土对P,Mn,Cu,Zn吸附曲线呈直线关系,对K的吸附量较大,酸性较强的两种土壤对S的吸附程度在低浓度范围内较大,高浓度范围内较小;对Mn的吸附与S相反。pH较高的两种土壤对S,Mn的吸附有着相关的情况。N是几种土壤的首要养分限制因子,K则可能成为其潜在的养分限制因子,Mn可能成为酸性较小的两种土壤的养分限制因子。几种土壤分别对P,Cu,Fe,B,Mo有不同程度的缺乏。     

不同污染时长土壤中石油烃的生物去除特性及影响因素

利用生物刺激法修复不同污染时长的土壤,比较了向新污染(污染7 d)和陈旧性污染(污染5 a以上)土壤中加入有机肥、有机肥+KNO_3复合物(C∶N=100∶10)、脱硫石膏等处理剂对土壤中石油烃的去除效果。结果表明:对于新污染黄绵土,向土壤中加入有机肥、有机肥+KNO_3对土壤中石油烃去除效果较好,修复150 d时土壤中石油烃去除率分别为60.13%、56.09%;对于陈旧性污染土壤,施入有机肥+KNO_3、脱硫石膏对石油烃去除效果较好,修复150 d时土壤中石油烃的去除率分别为36.62%、36.61%;生物刺激对新污染土壤中石油烃的去除效率高于陈旧性污染土壤。两种不同污染时长土壤中的石油烃生物降解均符合伪一级动力学。生物刺激修复使土壤的pH值由8.50～8.56降低至7.35～7.91。新污染土壤中石油烃的降解率与pH值呈显著负相关(相关系数为-0.789),与微生物数量呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.849);陈旧性污染土壤中石油烃降解率与土壤pH值呈显著负相关(相关系数为-0.683)。研究表明,土壤受到石油污染后立即进行生物刺激修复有利于土壤中石油烃的去除,影响不同污染时长土壤中石油烃生物降解的关键因素并不相同。     

农业面源污染的现状与修复

在分析国内外农业面源污染现状的基础上,介绍了其特点及其对生产、生活的危害,探讨了农业面源污染越来越严重的原因,提出了农业面源污染的修复措施。     

土壤中重金属复合污染的表征

综述了土壤中重金属复合污染表征方法的研究进展,目的在于为农业生态环境中重金属污染的研究和防治提供参考     

扩散对斑块上食饵-捕食种群生存的影响

建立了2个斑块上种群扩散的食饵-捕食系统,主要研究了当其中一个斑块受到输入量存在极限值的外来毒素污染时,扩散对2个斑块上3个种群生存的影响。结果表明,当扩散存在且扩散率满足一定条件时,食饵种群和捕食者种群在未来时刻将全部灭绝;而当扩散率满足另一条件时,食饵种群和捕食者种群将持续生存,进而会影响斑块上的生物多样性。