接种根瘤菌对西南地区大豆光合性能和固氮能力的影响

为探讨接种根瘤菌对西南地区大豆固氮能力的有效性,在大田试验条件下,以根瘤菌株 Bradyrhizobium japonicum5038和B. japonicum 5136侵染南黑豆20和南夏豆25,比较两个大豆品种接种后植株的光合特性和叶绿素 含量,考察根瘤数量并测定分析其蔗糖含量、豆血红蛋白含量和固氮酶活性。结果表明：接种后两大豆品种叶片 chla/b值显著下降,叶绿素含量、净光合速率和气孔导度显著增加;根瘤数、单株瘤重、植株地上部和地下部生物量 均显著增加,单个瘤重和根冠比则无显著变化;根瘤内蔗糖含量和豆血红蛋白含量均显著增加,固氮酶活性提高。 不同大豆品种对不同菌株的响应不同,南夏豆25与根瘤菌B.japonicum5136的适配性最好,接种后大豆光合性能和 固氮能力的改善效果明显优于南黑豆20。     

不同化学药剂和菌剂对钙果苗根瘤病的防治效果

[目的]探讨不同化学药剂和菌剂对钙果苗根瘤病的防治效果。[方法]以感染根瘤病的钙果苗木为试材,在田间和盆栽2种栽培条件下使用硫酸铜、石硫合剂、翠灿抑细菌微量元素水溶肥及2种菌肥,研究各种制剂对感病植株成活率、新梢长度、复发率、根瘤大小等的影响。[结果]化学药剂中石硫合剂会导致苗木全部死亡,其他2种影响较小,单独使用对根瘤病无防治效果。菌剂中K84(1∶1)涂抹显著提高了成活率,且根瘤复发率也显著低于对照;低浓度地里旺菌剂处理土壤并用液体菌剂或1.0%硫酸铜浸泡根系以及栽后菌剂灌根的处理苗木成活率较高而根瘤复发率较低。[结论]试验结果为钙果根瘤病的防治提供了理论依据。     

Nitrogen requirements associated with improved conservation tillage for corn production

Abstract

Excessive soil erosion and use of nitrogen fertilizer are costly to the Atlantic Coastal Plain corn (zea mays L., ’Funks G 4507') producer and both may serve to create environmental hazards. An in‐row chisel (36 cm deep) tillage method was compared with the standard 5 cm fluted coulter method for planting corn in premature wheat (Triticim aestivum L.) residues grown on an Orangeburg sandy loam (Typic Paleudult). Five orthogonal N levels ranging up to 440 kg of N/ha were used to determine an economic N optimum for each tillage method.

The in‐row chisel tillage method provides a possible yield advantage in the Atlantic Coastal Plain because of observed restricting soil layers within the normal corn rooting zone. The estimated profit‐maximizing quantities of N fertilizer were 262 and 295 kg of N/ha (234 and 263 1b of N/acre) for the fluted coulter and in‐row tillage procedures, respectively. Corn grain yields associated with these inputs were 9.6 × 10³ and 12.6 × 10³ kg/ha (153 and 200 bu/acre), respectively. The yield increase associated with in‐row chiseling through a 2.5 metric ton mulched surface is attributed to potentially improved rooting and more efficient water storage and use.     

不同播期对大豆根瘤及地上部形态特征的影响

采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了不同播期大豆在苗期、开花期、结荚期、鼓粒期、成熟期的根瘤及地上部形态特征变化.结果表明,随着播期的推迟,根瘤数逐渐减少;苗期主根根瘤数多于侧根发生根瘤数,从开花期开始侧根根瘤数明显多于主根根瘤数;苗期主要发生小根瘤,从开花期开始大根瘤数明显多于小根瘤数.随着播期的推迟,株高、茎粗、主茎出叶数、分枝数、豆荚数均呈下降趋势.     

乳鼠成骨细胞的培养及鉴定

无菌采取5日龄SD大鼠的颅盖骨,用胰蛋白酶预消化后,漂洗,剪碎,再用Ⅱ型胶原酶消化获得成骨细胞。通过倒置相差显微镜观察,并用碱性磷酸酶和矿化结节染色鉴定,利用微量滴定（MTT）法测定一个培养周期的成骨细胞活性分布,探讨一种经济、高效的原代成骨细胞培养方法。倒置相差显微镜形态观察结果显示,未贴壁的细胞呈圆形,贴壁生长的细胞呈不规则梭形、三角形或多角形,单核,有1-3个核仁;碱性磷酸酶和钙化结节染色均呈阳性（阳性率≥98.06%）;MTT法结合形态学观察结果显示,成骨细胞培养至第10 d时活性最强。证实用改良的二次酶消化法能够在短时间内获得大量成骨细胞,且所培养的细胞具有典型的成骨细胞形态和功能。     

杨梅结瘤固氮特性研究*

研究４种土壤盆栽杨梅生长及结瘤固氮特性表明：花坛土有利于杨梅的生长和结瘤固氮，其生长量、结瘤量及根瘤固氮活性分别为３１．６８７ｇ／株、１．７８９ｇ／株和３．４２０μｍｏｌＣ２Ｎ４／（ｇ鲜瘤·ｈ）；红壤十砂（２：１混合）次之，在这种土壤上栽植的杨梅，其生长量略低于花坛土，结瘤量及根瘤固氮活性接近于花坛土；砂十花坛土（１０：１混合）居第三；红壤最差，仅为８。３２２ｇ／株、０．３３３ｇ／株和１．３１５μｍｏｌＣ２Ｈ４／（ｇ鲜瘤·ｈ）。红壤施用石灰（１５ｇ／盆）土壤ｐＨ为５．４～６．０时杨梅的生长量、结瘤量及根瘤固氮活性最高，分别为１８．５２４ｇ／株、１．１８２ｇ／株和２．５２４μｍｏｌＣ２Ｈ４／（ｇ鲜瘤·ｈ）；充足的水分有利于杨梅的生长和结瘤固氮，外套水盆以底部持续供水且底部渍水时杨梅的结瘤量、生长量和根瘤固氮活性均有提高，前者提高幅度较大，达３．５１９ｇ／株。杨梅根瘤固氮活性的季节动态和日变化是：一年中有两个活性高峰，分别在６～７月份和１０月份，１月份的固氮活性最低。一日中根瘤固氮活性以中午和夜间１２时最高。     

氮素形态对紫花苜蓿盛花期生长及结瘤固氮的影响

在完全营养液条件下,采用砂培法,研究了3种氮素形态配比NO3--N,NH4+-N和NO3--N∶NH4+-N为1∶1和0、105、210mg/L 3个氮素水平对紫花苜蓿盛花期生长及结瘤固氮的影响。结果表明:不同形态氮素处理下紫花苜蓿的株高、生物量、根瘤数、根瘤重、固氮酶活性和全氮含量均显著高于CK。同一氮素水平下,株高表现为NO3--N和NH4+-N混合培养下效果最好,NO3--N培养下次之,NH4+-N培养下最低;生物量、根瘤数、根瘤重、固氮酶活性和全氮含量NO3--N和NH4+-N混合培养下效果最好,NH4+-N培养下次之,NO3--N培养下最低;茎叶比则是NO3--N培养下最大,NH4+-N培养下次之,NO3--N和NH4+-N混合培养下的最低,各氮素形态处理间差异显著(P0.05)。随着氮素水平的增加,各形态配比下紫花苜蓿的株高、生物量、根瘤数、根瘤重、固氮酶活性和全氮含量呈现增加的变化趋势,茎叶比呈现减小的变化趋势。NO3--N+NH4+-N的浓度为210mg/L时,紫花苜蓿的株高、生物量、根瘤数、固氮酶活性和全氮含量取得最大值,茎叶比取得最小值,根瘤重则在NO3--N+NH4+-N的浓度为105mg/L时取得最大值,紫花苜蓿在混合态氮培养下生长最好。     

Nodule phosphorus requirement and O2 uptake in common bean genotypes under phosphorus deficiency

Abstract

The effect of P deficiency on nodulation, nodule P content, nodule O₂ permeability and N fixation rates in Phaseolus vulgaris–rhizobia symbiosis was studied under glasshouse conditions. Four recombinant inbred lines (L34, L83, L115 and L147) and one variety cultivated in Morocco (Concesa) were inoculated with Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 in hydroaeroponic culture. Two P levels i.e. 75 (deficient level) and 250 µmol plant^?1 week^?1 P (sufficient level) were applied and the trial was assessed 42 days after transplanting that coincide with plant flowering stage. Under P-deficiency, decrease of plant growth (18%) and nodule biomass (19%) was detected and significantly pronounced in the sensitive line L147 compared with the remaining genotypes. Additionally, under P-deficiency, the efficiency in use of rhizobial symbiosis, estimated by the slope of the regression model of shoot biomass as a function of nodule biomass, was significantly increased in the four lines. This constraint did not significantly influence nodule P content in Concesa, but it was 24 and 41% lower in the tolerant and in the sensitive lines, respectively. Nodule P content was positively correlated to nodule biomass, r=0.75, and shoot N, r=0.92. These genotypic variations were associated with variability in nodule O₂ permeability that was significantly affected by the P level-bean genotype interaction. Under P-deficiency, nodule O₂ permeability was significantly reduced in the tested genotypes and accompanied with a decrease in shoot N content, especially in the sensitive lines (35%). Moreover, the ratios plant N fixed: nodule P content and plant N fixed:nodule dry weight were affected under P-deficiency in four lines with an exception observed in Concesa. Depending on the observed data we concluded that N₂ fixation efficiency could be influenced by nodulation and level of nodule P requirement which depend on both bean genotypes and P level.     

Comprehensive Analysis of Plant Gene Expression in Soybean Root Nodules at Different Growth Stages

Gene expression profiles in early (12 d after sowing, DAS), mature (35 DAS) and senescent (77 DAS) soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Enrei) root nodules were analyzed using Lotus japonicus cDNA macroarray. The cDNA macroarray membranes contained 18,144 independent cDNAs of L. japonicus isolated from various organs. The membranes were hybridized to ³³P-labeled single-strand cDNAs transcribed from mRNA extracted from the soybean root nodules at three different growth stages. The results showed that over 75% of the cDNA clones gave a relative signal intensity (RSI) lower than 300, irrespective of the soybean growth stage. cDNA with an RSI value over 5,000 accounted for 2.1, 1.2 and 0.5% of the total cDNA clones at 12, 35 and 77 DAS, respectively. The highest RSI value was detected in a clone hybridized to putative pectinesterase (MWM097c10_r) at 12 DAS, while the RSI value of lycopene β-cyclase (MWL025d06_r) was the highest at 35 and 77 DAS. At 77 DAS, the percentage of transferase gene cDNA clones accounted for 20.5% of the total cDNA clones showing an RSI value over 500, a value clearly lower than that at 12 and 35 DAS. On the other hand, the percentage of hydrolase gene cDNA clones accounted for 45.2% at 77 DAS, a value around 1.5 times higher than that at 12 and 35 DAS. The chronological RSI profiles of individual cDNA clones were classified into nine patterns, and the profiles of the cDNA clones belonging to 15 homologous gene groups encoding enzymes of nitrogen and carbon metabolism, nodule specific proteins, enzymes of RNA and protein hydrolysis, and synthesis of jasmonic acid precursor were compared within and between groups. As a result, significant variations both within- and between-groups were revealed.     

大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicuum)在黑龙江省接种效果与接种有效性的研究

据1983-1985年在黑龙江省45个县,(市)792个试验点,6种土壤和14个大豆品种的小区试验和大面积试验证明:大豆接种根瘤菌比不接种平均增产11.2%,每公顷增收大豆241.5公斤。5年(1983-1987)累计应用面积已达31.5万公顷。由于大豆接种根瘤菌增加了大豆的结瘤数和根瘤重、植株鲜重和干重、植株含氮量和根瘤固氮酶活性,从而提高大豆产量和籽实蛋白质含量。本文研究了大豆接种根瘤菌的有效性与土著根瘤菌生态分布(以大豆自然结瘤性状C值、接种回收率为指标),大豆品种对根瘤菌的选择性,土壤化学因子(N.P.K.DH.有机质)的相关关系以及与化学肥料(磷酸二铵)、微量元素肥料(钼酸铵),VA菌根真菌的联合增产效应。