Blood and haemoglobin meal as protein sources in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): effects on growth, nutritive efficiency and fillet sensory differences

Two parallel experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of fish meal by two different animal protein sources, blood meal (B) and haemoglobin meal (H) at 0, 50 and 100 g kg⁻¹ of level inclusion in diets for gilthead sea bream, considering a long feeding period for juveniles (Trial 1) and a short feeding period (Trial 2) for on-growing fish. In Trial 1, 33 g juveniles were fed for 242 days and the fish fed with 5% and 10% of haemoglobin dietary inclusion obtained less growth, although feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and muscle composition were similar in all diets. In Trial 2, 179 g initial weight fish were fed for 164 days and growth of fish fed H10 showed the lowest growth, although nutrient efficiency and muscle composition were not affected significantly. The results of these experiments demonstrated that blood meal can substitute fish meal (up to 10%) with no effect on performance, but may lead to sensory differences compared with fish fed diet 0, while the inclusion of 5% blood meal had no effect on growth or sensory characteristics. Fish fed 10% haemoglobin inclusion had the poorest growth values.     

东极海区管角螺软体部的营养成分分析

对东极海区野生管角螺（Hemifusus tuba）软体部营养成分进行了分析,结果显示,管角螺软体部干品（DS）的粗蛋白含量达80.777%,蛋白质中检出含有17种氨基酸,氨基酸含量达软体部干重的51.42%。蛋白质中必需氨基酸蛋氨酸＋半胱氨酸的氨基酸分最高为85.94分,呈味氨基酸含量丰富,占氨基酸总量的48.62%;EAA/TAA为40.57%、EAA/NTAA为68.72%,其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO/WHO模式;粗脂肪中脂肪酸含量齐全,多不饱和脂肪酸比例高。分析结论为管角螺是一种高蛋白低脂肪、具有优良保健和营养价值的食品。     

基于临界氮浓度稀释曲线的小麦氮肥需求量估测研究

为探究基于临界氮浓度稀释曲线估测小麦氮素需求量的可行性,基于不同生态区开展的不同品种及氮肥水平的小麦试验,结合小麦临界氮浓度曲线(N_c=4.16W~(-0.41)),构建了拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和开花期四个关键生育时期下,小麦氮营养指数(NNI)、氮素需求量(NR)及相对产量(RY)三者间的关系模型,并进行了验证。结果表明,在江苏地区,当总施氮量在120～180kg·hm~(-2)时,小麦的氮素需求量最接近于0,氮营养指数最接近于1,为最优的氮素施用量。氮营养指数与氮素需求量(NNI-NR)在小麦生长的各关键阶段存在极强的线性关系(R~2=0.93～0.97);相对产量与氮营养指数(RY-NNI)在各生育时期呈现线性加平台关系,在开花期表现最好,R~2=0.86;相对产量与氮素需求量(RY-NR)的拟合关系在抽穗期表现最好,R~2值为0.72。NNI-NR验证结果与建模结果一致,即在各时期均表现良好,其中拔节期相关关系最强;但RY-NNI和RY-NR验证结果显示两模型分别在开花期和抽穗期预测效果表现最佳。综上,所构建的NNI-NR、RY-NNI和RY-NR三种模型均具有良好的拟合优度和稳定性,运用基于临界氮浓度曲线的小麦氮营养指数和确立的相对产量水平,可以较好地估测当季的小麦氮素需求量,并进行小麦田间氮素精确管理。     

基于临界氮浓度的滴灌春小麦氮素营养诊断

为了准确定量诊断滴灌春小麦氮素营养状况,以新春6号为指示品种,分别设置5个施氮水平,研究了新疆北疆地区滴灌春小麦临界稀释氮浓度曲线。结果表明,根据滴灌春小麦地上部干物质与对应氮浓度值,可构建出临界氮浓度幂指数函数为NC=5.03W^-0.38 ,相关系数R = 0.95。基于临界氮浓度建立的氮素营养指数模型能对滴灌春小麦氮素营养状况进行比较准确的诊断。     

琯溪蜜柚品质综合评价及优质高产的营养诊断

通过对302个代表性蜜柚果园的品质成分和叶片营养状况进行系统分析,探讨琯溪蜜柚果实品质评价中的主要影响因子以及对不同区域和土壤类型果园的果实品质进行综合评价,确定高产优质果树叶片养分元素适宜含量,并采用诊断施肥综合法（DRIS）对蜜柚果园进行了营养诊断研究。结果表明：经因子分析,提取出3个特征根>1的公因子,累积贡献率为69.7%,第1公因子中起主要作用的指标是固酸比、可溶性固形物和总糖,方差贡献率为36.8%;第2公因子中起主要作用的指标是粒化率和开裂瓣数,方差贡献率为20.3%;第3公因子中起主要作用的指标是单果重和可滴定酸,方差贡献率为12.7%;东半县的果实品质综合评价得分要优于西半县,山地红壤的果实品质综合得分要优于水稻土;琯溪蜜柚优质高产生产的叶片元素含量的适宜范围分别为：N 2.15%~2.80%,P 0.12%~0.17%,K 1.25%~1.85%,Ca 2.10%~4.25%,Mg 0.25%~0.55%,S 0.25%~0.40%,Mn 20~145 mg/kg,Zn 25~50 mg/kg,B 35~135 mg/kg;通过DRIS营养诊断表明,东半县山地红壤果园最缺乏的元素是B、Mg和Ca,东半县水稻土果园最缺乏的元素是Mg、N和P,西半县山地红壤果园最缺乏的元素是Zn、Ca和Mg,西半县水稻土果园最缺乏的元素是Zn、K和S。因此,为满足人们对果实品质的更高要求,亟需根据新的营养诊断标准和区域的差异性调整施肥策略,实现琯溪蜜柚果实产量和品质的协同提高,促进琯溪蜜柚产业的可持续发展。     

Dominant sources of dietary carbon and nitrogen for shrimp reared in extensive rice-shrimp ponds

Stable isotope analysis was used to determine the sources of dietary nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) for shrimp during the rearing phase in extensive rice‐shrimp ponds in My Xuyen and Gia Rai districts, Vietnam. Farm‐made feed was added as a food source in shrimp ponds in My Xuyen district, and based on stable isotope analyses, was generally a poor dietary source. The commercial formulated feed used in Gia Rai also appeared to contribute little directly to the nutritional needs of the shrimp. In contrast, the natural biota in all ponds appeared to contribute substantially. In particular, biota from beam trawls and benthic organic matter were the most likely sources of nutrition in My Xuyen ponds, while benthic organic matter was the main source in Gia Rai ponds. δ¹⁵N ratios in the natural biota in My Xuyen farms decreased over the growing season, suggesting increased N fixation in the case of the benthic organic matter reaching values as low as 1‰. This suggests N‐limitation in the ponds and that natural biota become increasingly dependent on N fixed by algae and/or other microorganisms. There is the potential to promote the growth of the plankton and hence, the other natural biota, by the judicious addition of fertilizer.     

苏尼特羊营养补偿初期钙、磷、氮代谢研究

将45只处于妊娠后期(90～150 d)的苏尼特母羊随机分成4组,以不同的营养水平(ME:0.20、0.33、0.44、0.86MJ·kg-1·W-0.75·d-1)分组饲养,分娩后进行补偿生长试验,研究妊娠后期不同营养限制程度的母羊在补偿初期(分娩后0～6周)对饲料中钙、磷以及氮的代谢规律.结果表明,受限制各组母羊在补偿初期,随着受限程度的降低,钙、磷平衡(g·d-1)值呈升高的趋势,氮平衡(g·d-1)值呈下降的趋势.     

Effects of Broomrape Parasitism on Sunflower Plants: Growth,Development, and Mineral Nutrition

Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is a parasitic plant that infects sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. In this work, sunflower plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in pots with the substrate infested or non-infested with broomrape seeds. At different numbers of days after sowing, plant height, internode lengths, number of leaves, head diameter, mineral composition of leaves, and potassium (K) concentration in stem were measured. The negative effects of broomrape parasitism were assessed from 57 d after sowing, when broomrape started to emerge. Parasitized plants exhibited lower shoot dry weight, height, and head diameter than control plants. The reduction in internode lengths was associated with a decrease in the gradient of K concentration from basal to apical stem. The mineral composition of leaves was also affected in parasitized plants. The concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in leaves of parasitized plants were lower than those of the control plants, while there were few differences for K, phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). The effects of parasitism are discussed in relation to their competition for resources and to perturbations of the host physiology such as hormonal and water balance.