生物复合菌肥“地霸”的菌群分离鉴定及生物学特性的初步研究

对生物复合菌肥进行菌群的分离鉴定、含菌量的测定和比较以及菌株生物学特性的初步研究.该生物复合菌肥中含有活性较高的固氮菌(维氏固氮菌)、钾细菌和无机磷细菌,每克菌肥中细菌总数达到2.0亿～2.5亿.固氮菌在修改的Dobereiner无氮培养基上生长良好,固氮活性较强,该菌生长最适温度在20～32℃之间,生长的pH值范围是5.5～8.5,最适pH值是7.5.     

氮肥运筹对寒地香稻绥粳4号产量及叶面积指数的影响

为促进寒地香型粳稻高产高效栽培,以寒地香稻品种绥粳4号为材料,探讨了氮肥运筹方式对其产量及LAI的影响。结果表明:随着前期施氮比例的增加,有效穗数会增加,但成穗率会先上升后下降。产量随着前期施氮量的增加而先上升后又明显下降;NA3处理(底肥40%,返青分蘖肥30%,穗肥20%,粒肥10%)产量最高达9 564.8kg·hm~(-2)。分蘖盛期、齐穗期、成熟期的LAI均以NA4处理(底肥60%,返青分蘖肥20%,穗肥20%),重申最大,各时期LAI均与产量呈先上升后下降的二次曲线关系,分蘖盛期最适LAI为1.16,齐穗期最适LAI为5.34,结实期最适LAI为4.51。NA3处理的氮肥运筹方式更适合寒地香型粳稻绥粳4号。     

施肥对热带雨林下种植砂仁土壤氮矿化和硝化作用的影响

采用封顶埋管法(Close-TopIncubation)研究了施肥后西双版纳热带雨林下种植砂仁土壤的氮素净氨化、净硝化和净矿化速率。结果表明,种植砂仁的热带雨林土壤有机氮的净氨化、硝化和矿化速率明显受外来无机氮的影响,施入铵态氮肥后,土壤中的氨化速率明显提高(P<0.01),由对照土壤的-0.66(mg·kg-1·30d-1)增加至施肥处理土壤的1.65(mg·kg-1·30d-1),但硝化速率和矿化速率却显著降低(P<0.01),分别由对照土壤的6.79(mg·kg-1·30d-1)和6.13(mg·kg-1·30d-1)减少至施肥处理土壤的2.60(mg·kg-1·30d-1)和4.25(mg·kg-1·30d-1),导致了土壤中NH4+-N的积累。     

近红外光谱法测定土壤全氮和碱解氮含量

为探寻采用近红外光谱技术在野外快速测定土壤全氮和碱解氮含量的方法,采集土壤光谱信号,结合偏最小二乘法和主成分分析法,分别建立土壤全氮和碱解氮含量测定的定标模型。结果表明,采用PLS方法建模时,土壤全氮和碱解氮含量测定定标模型的精度较高。为提高模型的预测精度,采用多元散射校正、标准归一化、基线校正、卷积平滑和小波变换5种方法对光谱信号进行预处理,当用小波变换法对光谱信号进行去噪处理,并与PLS方法结合时,模型的预测精度最高,土壤全氮样品校正模型的相关系数为0.838 5,均方根误差为0.153 1,对应验证模型的相关系数为0.754 9,均方根误差为0.184 2,校正集和验证集土壤全氮含量预测值(y)与实测值(x)之间的关系模型分别为y=0.685 8x+0.198 0和y=0.621 4x+0.237 9;土壤碱解氮样品校正模型的相关系数为0.866 5,均方根误差为0.007 7,对应验证模型的相关系数为0.796 1,均方根误差为0.009 4,校正集和验证集土壤碱解氮含量预测值(y)与实测值(x)之间的关系模型分别为y=0.749 8x+0.019 4和y=0.700 7x+0.023 3。综合分析结果表明,应用近红外光谱技术对土壤全氮和碱解氮含量进行定量预测是可行的,且应用小波变换方法对光谱冗余信息进行预处理后,再与偏最小二乘法相结合可有效地提高模型的精度。     

施氮量与栽插密度对杂交香稻香两优875产量的影响

为探索杂交香稻品种在贵阳高海拔地区高产栽培的技术,为大面积生产推广应用提供技术参考,2007年在贵阳市郊(海拔1350 m)对优质杂交香稻香两优875进行了不同施氮量和不同栽插株数的裂区栽培试验。结果表明:施用农家厩肥1000 kg/667m2作基肥,4月5日播种和秧龄50 d的条件下,施纯氮6.9 kg/667m2和栽插1万株苗/667m2的处理产量达681.8 kg/667m2,获得较好结果。并对香优875在高海拔1200~1400 m地区的栽培技术和经济效果进行了讨论。     

Alleviation of alternate bearing phenomenon in mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees using boron and nitrogen fertilization

Abstract

This investigation was conducted during two successive seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016) using 15?years old productive mango (Mangifera indica) trees cv. Zebda. The trees were grown at AlMalak Valley Farm, El-Sharkeya Governorate- Egypt (30–51° North; 32–53° East). Trees were planted 8?×?8 meter within and between rows in sandy soil under drip irrigation system using the Nile water. The objective of this study is to alleviate alternate bearing in cv. Zebda using mineral nutrients (nitrogen in the on year and boron in the off year). Treatments included three concentrations of nitrogen (1000, 1250, 1500?g/tree/year) and three concentrations of boron (0.0, 250, 500?mg L^?1). Nitrogen was applied to the soil as ammonium sulfate and boron was applied as foliar spray of boric acid. The extra amount of nitrogen fertilizer (250 and 500?g N/tree) was applied at three installments in (May, June and July). Treatment was arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. Results show that the on-year nitrogen fertilization significantly increased mango tree vegetative growth (number of shoot/branch, shoot length, shoot thickness, number of leaves/meter and leaf area) and yield. The average yield in the on year is 85.5?kg/tree at 1250?g N/tree but 67.4?Kilogram/tree at 1000?g N/tree (the control treatment). While in the off year boron foliar application resulted in a significant increase in flowering, initial fruit set, final fruit set and fruit yield. The average yield in the off year is 47?kg/tree at 250?mg L^?1 boron but 9?kg/tree at 0.0?mg L^?1 boron rate (the control treatment).The interaction treatment of 250?mg L^?1 boron + 1500?g nitrogen/tree is the best treatment as it resulted in the highest values for all the tested parameters. The average yield of this treatment is 53.5?kg/tree. This treatment helps alleviate alternate bearing phenomenon by 41% and obtain the highest economic yield in the off-year, i.e. increased yield by 5.9 fold.     

Influence of nitrogen application on dry biomass allocation and translocation in two maize varieties under short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering periods of drought

Plants have evolved different mechanisms to survive under stress conditions. This field study was conducted to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N) application on dry biomass allocation and translocation in two maize varieties under short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering period of drought. Two maize varieties, ‘Pioneer 30B80? and ‘Suwan 4452? receiving N at 0 (control), 160 (optimal) and 320 (supra-optimal) kg ha^?1 were subjected to short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering periods of drought. Prolonged bracketing flowering period of drought had more suppressive effect on anthesis-silking interval, dry matter allocation and translocation, leaf greenness, contribution of current assimilates to grain (CCAG), kernel number, kernel weight and kernel yield of two maize varieties than a short pre-anthesis drought. Nitrogen application at optimal level was the best for all traits, except CCAG. The maize variety ‘Pioneer 30B80? performed better under both drought types due to more root xylem vessels of large size and more accumulation of dry matter in leaves and roots than the variety ‘Suwan 4452?. Therefore, the variety ‘Pioneer 30B80? may be planted in drought prone environments and may be used in breeding program aimed at developing drought-tolerant cultivars.     

Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation

A field experiment was set up in 1988 to study the development of rhizomania disease of sugar beet at different inoculum levels of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in soil. Five, tenfold different, inoculum levels were created by addition of the approximate amounts of 0, 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 kg infested soil per ha (the latter corresponding to 0.01% v/v calculated to the tillage layer). A drip irrigation treatment was applied to study the influence of soil moisture on disease. Susceptible sugar beet, cv. Regina, was grown for three consecutive years.In the first year, root symptoms were not observed, but BNYVV-infected plants were detected by ELISA in low numbers at all inoculum levels at harvest. After late drilling in 1989, high numbers of infected plants, up to 90–100% in plots with the highest inoculum level, were detected already in June. Root symptoms were also observed from June onwards. In both these years disease incidence increased in time and was significantly influenced by the initial inoculum level. In the third year, the whole field was heavily diseased, and only for the non-irrigated plots incidence differed for different initial inoculum levels. The expression of symptoms by BNYVV-infected plants was influenced by initial inoculum level, thus by the amount and timing of primary infection.Root weight at harvest was not affected, but sugar content decreased with increasing inoculum level already in 1988, leading to a reduction in sugar yield of 10% at the highest inoculum level. In 1989, both root weight and sugar content decreased progressively with increasing inoculum level, resulting in sugar yield reductions of 11–66% (down to approximately 3000 kg ha^–1) for low to high inoculum levels compared to the control. As the control plots became contaminated, all yields were low in 1990, still showing a decrease with increasing inoculum level in the non-irrigated plots, but an overall mean sugar yield of 3323 kg ha^–1 for the irrigated ones.Sodium and -amino nitrogen content of the root, additional quality parameters determining extractability of sucrose, showed an increase and decrease, respectively, with increasing initial inoculum level already in the first year. The relative differences in contents compared to those from the control were largest for Na content. A significant negative correlation was found between Na (mmol kg^–1 root) and sugar content (% of fresh weight); linear for 1988, exponential for 1989 and 1990.In spring 1989, the infestation of individual plots was assessed using a quantitative bioassay estimating most probable numbers (MPNs) of infective units of BNYVV per 100 g dry soil. The relationship between the MPns determined and root weight, sugar content and sugar yield at harvest could be described by Gompertz curves. The increase in disease incidence with increasing MPN in 1989 was adequately fitted with a logistic equation.     

生物固氮细菌的应用

分类论述了生物固氮细菌在农业作物上、生态环境的保护上、动物消化道的固氮作用,同时分析和评价了生物固氮的研究和应用前景。     

铵态氮源和碳源对土壤N2O、CO2释放的影响

在田间持水量WFPS为70%、温度为20℃的条件下,通过室内静态培养方法研究铵态氮源与不同碳源结合,对华北平原典型小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤N₂O、CO₂释放的影响。其中,碳源种类分别为葡萄糖、果胶、淀粉、纤维素、木质素和秸秆。结果表明添加葡萄糖和果胶有效促进了土壤N₂O的释放,并在第1 d达到最大值,分别为4039.85 μg N₂O-N·kg^-1·d^-1和2533.44 μg N₂O-N·kg^-1·d^-1;添加纤维素和只施秸秆处理降低了N₂O释放。施入碳源增加了CO₂释放,顺序为纤维素> 淀粉> 葡萄糖> 果胶> 秸秆> 木质素。培养结束后土壤中铵态氮几乎消耗完全,除添加葡萄糖处理外,其他施碳土壤的硝态氮含量均有所增加。在培养前3 d,土壤NH₄⁺和NO₃^-总含量与N₂O释放量显著相关。