基于物质平衡原理的贝类循环水养殖系统的设计与试验

为恢复和保护濒危淡水贝类资源,该文根据物质平衡原理,以具有代表性的淡水彩虹贝类为研究对象,设计并构建了一套小型的室内淡水彩虹贝循环水养殖系统,该系统由养殖池、生物过滤器、蓄水池、循环水泵、充氧系统和自动投饵装置等环节组成。并在该循环水系统中对钩介幼虫2日龄的彩虹贝幼贝进行了为期60 d的养殖(2011年6月21日到2011年8月20日),整个养殖周期内,彩虹贝幼贝养殖系统环境稳定,水质稳定良好,彩虹贝幼贝壳长日增长量为15.2μm/d,彩虹贝幼贝的最大相对增长率发生在第40天到第50天,其相对生长率为32.4%,和之前池塘流水、跑道式等养殖模式相比,该循环水系统养殖的彩虹贝幼贝获得了更高的生长率。该研究可为淡水贝类的人工繁育和养殖提供参考。     

低湿度表面的海洋附着细菌对厚壳贻贝附着的影响

从低湿度表面形成自然微生物被膜中分离和纯化出9株海洋附着细菌,并进行细菌16S rDNA基因序列的鉴定以确定其菌名;在18℃、黑暗条件下培养48h后形成单一菌株的微生物被膜,研究了细菌不同初始密度条件下形成微生物被膜的终密度变化及其对厚壳贻贝Mytilus coruscus稚贝附着的影响。同时,将获得的序列与有亲缘关系的序列用Mega软件的CLUSTALW程序进行序列比对和系统发育分析。结果表明:所有测试海洋附着细菌形成微生物被膜的最终密度随初始密度的增加而增加;9株海洋细菌均能不同程度地促进厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着,其中Bacillus sp.2诱导活性最高,其诱导稚贝的附着率为68%;除Pseudoalteromonas sp.3微生物被膜终密度与稚贝附着无显著相关性外(P0.05),其余8株海洋细菌所形成的微生物被膜终密度与稚贝附着均呈显著相关性(P0.05);系统发育分析表明,微生物被膜终密度对稚贝附着的诱导活性与细菌种属无关。研究表明,低湿度表面的海洋附着细菌对厚壳贻贝的附着有明显的促进作用,本研究结果对于今后开展厚壳贻贝稚贝的附着机制研究奠定了基础。     

紫贻贝配子细胞表面糖基的定位研究

细胞表面糖蛋白中糖的特性对于细胞的相互识别起重要作用,配子细胞表面糖配基的差异恰恰体现不同物种间受精作用的特异性,本研究分别选用可以特异性结合半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖的FITC标记凝集素,对紫贻贝配子细胞中对应的糖进行研究。结果显示,4种糖在卵细胞边缘的标记特征不明显,仅半乳糖和葡萄糖在一些卵细胞边缘有区域性分布,但在细胞质区,这4种糖均有少量分布;半乳糖和岩藻糖在贻贝的精巢的精细胞和成熟精子区为较均匀的弱阳性标记,甘露糖仅在输精小管边缘有分布,葡萄糖的含量相对较多,但也只是在输精小管边缘以及成熟精子区有一定的标记。上述结果表明,紫贻贝配子细胞表面不同糖基的分布和含量存在一定的差异,造成配子间起到识别作用的糖蛋白组成和结构不同,决定了紫贻贝配子识别的特异性。     

能值分析在贻贝养殖生态系统的应用

以能值理论为基础,选择舟山市东极贻贝养殖生态系统为研究对象,在定量分析贻贝养殖生态系统的物质流和能量流的基础上,通过建立能值评价指标体系,综合评价东极贻贝养殖对环境的影响及其可持续性。结果表明：东极贻贝养殖生态系统的太阳能值转化率TR为3.35E＋09sej/g,环境负荷率ELR为0.45,能值产出率EYR为3.22,能值投入的生产效率PEEI为9.60E-10g/sej,系统可持续发展指数ESI为7.16。最后将其与其它四种养殖系统进行比较,分析得出贻贝养殖生态系统能值产出率和可持续性均较高。     

pH-Dependent Solution Structure and Activity of a Reduced Form of the Host-Defense Peptide Myticin C (Myt C) from the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Myticin C (Myt C) is a highly variable host-defense peptide (HDP) associated to the immune response in the mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), which has shown to be active across species due to its strong antiviral activity against a fish rhabdovirus found in fish cells overexpressing this HDP. However, the potential antimicrobial properties of any synthetic analogue of Myt C has not yet been analysed. Thus, in this work we have synthesised the sequence of the mature peptide of Myt C variant c and analysed the structure activity relationships of its reduced (non-oxidized) form (red-MytCc). In contrast to results previously reported for oxidized isoforms of mussel myticins, red-MytCc was not active against bacteria at physiological pH and showed a moderate antiviral activity against the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) rhabdovirus. However, its chemotactic properties remained active. Structure/function studies in neutral and acid environments by means of infrared spectroscopy indicated that the structure of red-MytCc is pH dependent, with acid media increasing its alpha-helical content. Furthermore, red-MytCc was able to efficiently aggregate artificial phospholipid membranes at low pH, as well as to inhibit the Escherichia coli growth, suggesting that this activity is attributable to its more structured form in an acidic environment. All together, these results highlight the dynamic and environmentally sensitive behavior of red-Myt C in solution, and provide important insights into Myt C structure/activity relationships and the requirements to exert its antimicrobial/immunomodulatory activities. On the other hand, the pH-dependent direct antimicrobial activity of Myt C suggests that this HDP may be a suitable template for the development of antimicrobial agents that would function selectively in specific pH environments, which are sorely needed in this “antibiotic-resistance era”.     

Preservation of Stuffed Mussels at 4°C in Modified Atmosphere Packaging

The stuffed mussel is a traditional, ready-to-eat food in Turkey which is produced by cooking rice and various spices filled inside the mussel. This article examines the effect on sensory, chemical, and microbiological parameters of stuffed mussels of two gas mixtures—MAP1 50% N₂/50% CO₂ and MAP2 100% CO₂—used as modified atmospheres for cold storage at +4°C. Air packaged samples were chosen as the control group. Based primarily on sensory characteristics, MAP1 gas mixture was the most effective for stuffed mussel. According to sensory results, it has been determined that the control samples kept until the 11th day, while the MAP1 and the MAP2 groups kept until the 13th day. Of the chemical indices determined, the TVB-N values of MAP1 and MAP2 remained lower than the proposed acceptability limits of 20 mg N/100 g, up to 13 days of storage. Microbiological analysis results did not find any differences between the groups. It was found that the shelf life of air and MAP1-MAP2 packaged samples were 7 and 11 days, respectively.     

Nutritional and Antioxidative Attributes of Green Mussel (Perna viridis L.) from the Southwestern Coast of India

ABSTRACT

The present study reports the biochemical composition of Perna viridis from the southwestern coast of India. A balanced essential to nonessential amino acid ratio (0.7:1.1) along with the optimum and balanced quantities of vitamins, mineral nutrients, and low cholesterol contents characterized P. viridis. The n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio of P. viridis was found to be 3.7:5.3 and therefore may serve as an alternative to balance the higher intake of n-6 fatty acids. High oxyradical scavenging capacity (24–32%) and total phenolics (2–5 mg GAE^?1) suggest the nutraceutical potential of P. viridis.     

贻贝卵巢超微结构的研究

１９９７年作者利用透射电镜研究了贻贝卵巢的超微结构,发现卵原细胞,初级卵母细胞和卵黄发生前卵母细胞的超微结构相似,均由一个大而圆或多边形的核,粗面内质网,球形线粒体及丰富的游离核糖体等构成。但随着卵黄发生,细胞的体积越来越大。卵母细胞表面开始出现微绒毛,它是卵膜的一部分及卵将成熟的标志。卵黄的形成是双源的,但以外源为主。     

鄱阳湖区两个不同用途湖泊淡水蚌类资源现状的比较研究

通过周年采集标本,对鄱阳湖区两个不同用途的卫星湖泊——青岚湖和军山湖淡水蚌类资源现状进行了比较研究。结果表明:青岚湖淡水蚌类有11属35种,优势种为圆顶珠蚌、洞穴丽蚌和中国尖嵴蚌;军山湖有9属16种,优势种为圆顶珠蚌和洞穴丽蚌,且两湖标本各属所含种数差异较大。青岚湖淡水蚌类密度和生物量明显大于军山湖,前者分别为0.57 ind/m2和15.94 g/m2,而后者分别为0.19 ind/m2和0.77 g/m2。两湖蛏蚌属密度和生物量均为零,但青岚湖其余各属生物量明显大于军山湖;并且除楔蚌属和扭蚌属外,青岚湖其余各属密度明显大于军山湖。两湖淡水蚌类生物量和密度之间都存在着极显著的正相关关系。两湖群落相似系数为41.67。作为天然湖泊的青岚湖比作为增殖湖泊的军山湖面积小很多,但青岚湖淡水蚌类资源比军山湖丰富,说明人工增殖对军山湖淡水蚌类资源有较大的影响。     

Evidence of Anti-Proliferative Activities in Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) By-Products

Shellfish waste components contain significant levels of high quality protein and are therefore a potential source for biofunctional high-value peptides. The feasibility of applying a pilot scale enzymatic hydrolysis process to whole Mytilus edulis and, by fractionation, recover hydrolysates presenting a biological activity of interest, was evaluated. Fractions were tested on four immortalized cancerous cell lines: A549, BT549, HCT15 and PC3. The 50 kDa fraction, enriched in peptides, presented anti-proliferative activity with all cell lines and results suggest a bioactive molecule synergy within the fraction. At a protein concentration of 44 µg/mL, the 50 kDa fraction induced a mortality of 90% for PC3, 89% for A549, 85% for HCT15 and of 81% for BT549 cell lines. At the low protein concentration of only 11 µg/mL the 50 kDa fraction still entails a cell mortality of 76% for A549 and 87% for PC3 cell lines. The 50 kDa fraction contains 56% of proteins, 3% of lipids and 6% of minerals on a dry weight basis and the lowest levels detected of taurine and methionine and highest levels of threonine, proline and glycine amino acids. The enzymatic hydrolysis process suggests that Mytilus edulis by-products should be viewed as high-valued products with strong potential as anti-proliferative agent and promising active ingredients in functional foods.