发芽蚕豆左旋多巴超声强化提取及其动力学过程

为了充分提取和利用高生物活性的天然左旋多巴(L-DOPA),研究了超声波强化提取发芽蚕豆L-DOPA的工艺条件,并初步探讨了超声浸提动力学过程。基于单因素试验,以超声功率、液固比、萃取时间为考察因素,采用Box-Behnken试验设计进行了工艺参数优化,结果表明,超声功率对发芽蚕豆L-DOPA得率的影响较大;原料用量2.0g,采用含30%乙醇的0.1mol/L醋酸溶液为提取溶剂,其较佳提取工艺条件为:超声功率257W、液固比31mL/g、萃取时间为37.4min。在此条件下,发芽蚕豆L-DOPA的平均得率为1.47%,较未发芽蚕豆增加0.58倍,略高于传统提取法,且超声强化提取显著缩短了浸提时间。对最优提取条件下L-DOPA得率随时间变化的动力学分别用Film模型、非稳态扩散理论和Ponomaryov经验方程进行拟合,其中Film理论模型的拟合度较好,其决定系数R2值最大,为0.9928。研究结果为天然L-DOPA制备提供了参考。     

On-farm selection for quality and resistance to pest/diseases of cocoa in Sulawesi: (ii) quality and performance of selections against Phytophthora pod rot and vascular-streak dieback

The cocoa industry in Sulawesi, the main region of cocoa production in Indonesia, is threatened by destructive diseases, including vascular-streak dieback (VSD) caused by the basidiomycete Oncobasidium theobromae and stem canker and Phytophthora pod rot (PPR) or black pod, caused by Phytophthora palmivora. Using the considerable genetic diversity of cocoa on farms, host resistance was identified and tested with the participation of farmers. Forty-nine local and international cocoa selections with promising resistance characteristics (as well as susceptible controls) were side-grafted onto mature cocoa in a replicated trial with single-tree plots. Developing grafts were assessed in the dry season for severity of VSD infection, scored from 0 (no infection) to 4 (graft death). All of the 49 clones in the trial became infected with VSD in at least some replicates. Average severity varied from 0.2 to 1.6. Potential VSD-resistance was found in eight clones, including DRC 15, KA2 106 and a local Sulawesi selection, VSD2Ldg. Some of the most susceptible clones were local Sulawesi selections from areas with a history of little or no VSD. Thirty-four pod-bearing clones were evaluated over a 2-year period for yield, quality and resistance to natural infections of PPR. Cumulative PPR incidence for all clones was 22% but varied from 8.6 to 43% among clones. Clones with less than 15% PPR incidence were designated as resistant, including DRC 16 and local Sulawesi selections, Aryadi 1, Aryadi 3 and VSD1Ldg. Scavina 12 was moderately resistant in the trial with a PPR incidence of 23%. Cumulative incidences of the mirid, Helopeltis spp., determined in the same evaluation period, indicated that DRC16 was the most susceptible clone with an incidence of 52% in ripe pods and 23% in immature pods. In comparison, KKM4 showed evidence of resistance to Helopeltis spp., with incidences of 34 and 0.8% in ripe and immature pods, respectively. The impact of diseases and pests (including cocoa pod borer) on bean losses and bean quality varied between clones but generally the bean size (or bean count) was affected more than the fat content or shell content.     

蚕豆马铃薯间作种植对蚕豆赤斑病的防控效果

为系统探索蚕豆赤斑病防控策略,保护农田生态环境,2010-2011连续2年在重庆市3个区县进行蚕豆与马铃薯间作试验。结果表明,蚕豆与马铃薯多样性种植能有效控制蚕豆赤斑病的发生,改善蚕豆产量构成因素,从而提高产量和经济效益。蚕豆与马铃薯间作行比为2∶2时对蚕豆赤斑病的防控效果最好,发病率与病情指数分别为46.5%和26.3,在此模式下经济效益最大,纯收入达18 454.9元/hm2。     

外源褪黑素对低温胁迫下菜豆种子萌发及抗性的影响

为了探究褪黑素(Mt)对低温环境下菜豆种子的影响,本研究对菜豆种子进行低温处理(LT)和低温加褪黑素的处理(LT+Mt),并设置常温处理作为对照(CK),对同时期的各项生理指标进行测定。结果表明：Mt可以提高低温胁迫下的种子萌发率,但萌发率要低于对照;同时对渗透调节物质、O₂^-和MDA、抗氧化酶活性进行测定,发现低温增加了渗透调节物质的含量,当加入Mt后其含量进一步增加;低温处理后O₂^-和MDA的含量增加,当加入Mt后其含量明显降低,但是要高于对照;低温处理后抗氧化酶活性略低于对照,当加入Mt后其含量显著升高。研究表明外源Mt有效的减轻了低温对种子萌发的损害,从而促进种子萌发过程中抵御低温的能力。     

Effect ofCallosobruchus chinensis (Bruchid) infestation on antinutritional factors in stored legumes

Effect of bruchid infestation on selected antinutritional factors, saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activities, of three (mung bean, chickpea and pigeon pea) legumes stored for six months was studied. The three antinutritional factors, saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), increased with increased storage period. Saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity values were significantly lower in control samples compared to stored infested samples. The difference between the contents of antinutritional factors were significant (p<0.05) during different storage periods.     

An Evaluation of the Microflora Associated with Fermented African Oil Bean (Pentaclethra Macrophylla Bentham) Seeds During Ugba Production

The microorganisms associated with fermented African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Bentham) seed during ugba production was studied. Only bacteria were isolated from the ugba samples used. Although the bacteria included Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp. and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, only the Bacillus spp. were found to ferment African oil bean seeds to ugba. Bacillus spp. were the predominant microorganisms present, constituting over 95% of the total microbial population density. An increase in the number of Bacillus cells of about 2 log units daily, which attained a maximum density of log₁₀ 9.00 - log₁₀ 11.90 cfu/g after 3 days was observed. Contrarily, the Lactobacillus spp. increased minimally and attained a maximum value of log₁₀ 4.20 - log₁₀ 6.35 cfu/g within the same period. The Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp. and the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae remained fairly steady in number for 24h, increased slightly till the 3rd day followed by exponential increases which attained maximum values of between log₁₀ 9.20 - log₁₀ 11.00, about the 7th day. Bacillus spp. cells also had the highest protease activities which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the values for the other bacterial isolates. The Bacillus spp. responsible for the fermentation of African oil bean seeds to ugba were identified as Bacillus coagulans, B. macerans, B. megaterium, B. pumilis and B. subtilis.     

几种除草剂对绿豆田杂草的防治效果及绿豆病害影响的研究

绿豆(Vigna radiata)是重要的粮食、蔬菜和药用作物,营养价值和药用价值均很高,在农业种植结构调整和种植模式的优化中具有重要的作用。研究通过10种除草剂组合防除绿豆田杂草,比较不同组合间杂草防除效果的差异,筛选出适用于辽宁地区的杂草防除方法。结果表明,除草效果最好的是4号组合(氟磺胺草醚高效氟吡甲禾草灵苗后喷雾),5号组合(拿捕净氟磺胺草醚苗后喷雾)和10号组合(精喹禾灵、氟磺胺草醚苗后喷雾),防治效果分别为92.3%、95.5%和93.5%,其中产量最高的是10号组合,产量为1 326.9 kg/hm2。此外,1号组合(异丙甲草胺氟磺胺草醚播后苗前喷雾)、5号组合(拿捕净氟磺胺草醚苗后喷雾)和11号组合(精喹禾灵、乙羧氟草醚苗后喷雾)还能有效对绿豆田间病害起到一定的防治作用,其中11号组合的防治效果最好,绿豆尾孢菌叶斑病和细菌性疫病的发病级别分别仅为3.2和4.2。研究通过分析10种不同除草剂组合对绿豆田间杂草的防治效果,对绿豆产量的影响以及田间常见病害的发病情况的影响,为辽宁地区绿豆田间草害的综合防治提供技术指导。     

玉米绿豆间作效应分析

为了筛选出适宜黑龙江省西部半干旱地区的玉米与绿豆的间作模式,通过田间试验,研究了绿豆、玉米间作对玉米产量、绿豆产量及其主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明:与绿豆和玉米分别单作相比,绿豆、玉米间作模式具有较大的生产潜力和明显的经济效益优势,当绿豆与玉米的间作比例为2∶1时,其复合群体的总经济效益最高;绿豆与玉米间作模式的边际效应使玉米的一些农艺性状得到改善,而绿豆的一些性状得到减弱,这是受到负边际效应影响的结果。     

铜和锌胁迫对红小豆种子萌发的影响

为了探明重金属污染对植物生长及生理的影响,研究了不同浓度Cu2+和Zn2+胁迫对红小豆种子萌发的影响。结果表明:低浓度Cu2+和Zn2+对红小豆种子萌发具有促进作用,高浓度具有抑制作用。Cu2+浓度为0~0.05mmol·L-1时,红小豆发芽率和发芽势随浓度的增加而增加,Zn2+浓度为0~0.10mmol·L-1时,促进红小豆种子萌发和生长。当Cu2+和Zn2+浓度大于0.50mmol·L-1时,红小豆根和芽的生长受到严重抑制,且Cu2+和Zn2+胁迫对根的抑制效果大于对芽的抑制效果。     

红小豆田间除草剂筛选试验

为筛选安全有效的红小豆大田除草剂,对红小豆品种小丰2号田间进行播后苗前除草试验。结果表明:除草效果最好的处理为75%噻吩磺隆WG 30g·hm-2+72%异丙甲草胺EC 1 800mL·hm-2,使用药剂后的20和40d的株防效最高,分别为94.0%和87.5%;其红小豆产量为2 024.6kg·hm-2,与其它处理产量差异达到了极显著水平,适宜在红小豆田中使用。