Growth,Root Characteristics,and Leaf Nutrients Accumulation of Four Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Cultivars Differing in Their Broomrape Tolerance and the Soil Properties in Relation to Salinity

The effects of salinity on four faba bean (Vicia faba L) cultivars [Giza 429, Giza 843, Misr 1 (Orobanche-tolerant), and Giza 3 (Orobanche-susceptible)] and soil properties were investigated in a pot experiment with addition of 0, 50, and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 9 weeks. Salinity significantly decreased calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), potassium (K⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^?), and sulfate (SO₄ ^2?) while significantly increasing sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl^?), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC; dS m^?1). Root length density (cm cm^?3), root mass density (mg cm^?3), total dry weight, and salt-tolerance indexes were significantly reduced as a result of application of salinity. The results presented support evidence on the positive relationship between Orobance tolerance and salt tolerance in the three cultivars (Giza 429, Giza 843, and Misr 1). This adaptation was mainly due to a high degree of accumulation of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ and lesser quantities of Na⁺ and Cl^?, as well as greater K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios.     

青海不同基因型蚕豆蛋白组成及清蛋白和球蛋白亚基的SDS-PAGE分析

采用连续提取蛋白法和SDS-PAGE技术分析了青海省11个不同基因型蚕豆的蛋白质组成以及清蛋白、球蛋白亚基的差异.结果表明:蚕豆蛋白主要由清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白和其他蛋白组成,不同基因型蚕豆的蛋白质含量及其组成存在一定的变异,其中清蛋白和球蛋白是蚕豆蛋白主要组成部分,占总蛋白的75.08%.不同基因型蚕豆的清蛋白和球蛋白亚基存在一定的差异,蚕豆清蛋白亚基由97、66+67、63、50、45、38+41、22ku等7个基本亚基组成外,还有96ku特异亚基;球蛋白亚基由63、56、52、47、22ku等5个基本亚基组成外,还有46ku的特异亚基.     

纳米硒喷施对绿豆芽生长特性、营养品质、酚类含量和抗氧化性的影响

为筛选出生产富硒绿豆芽最适宜的喷施浓度,采用不同浓度(0.00、0.06、0.19、0.38和0.57 mmol/L)纳米硒喷施处理绿豆芽,测定其生长指标(根长、下胚轴长和下胚轴茎粗)、营养指标(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和抗坏血酸)、抗氧化酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶)、酚类含量(总酚和总黄酮)、ABTS自由基清除力及硒含量。结果表明:纳米硒对绿豆芽生长具有双重效应,低浓度纳米硒能够促进生长,高浓度纳米硒对绿豆芽有毒害作用,会抑制其正常生长。0.19 mmol/L浓度纳米硒喷施处理绿豆芽的效果最佳,其下胚轴茎粗比对照提高2.91%,下胚轴长提高38.70%;可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖及抗坏血酸含量分别增加31.67%、 51.18%和44.32%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别提升108.04%和59.45%;同时总酚、总黄酮含量分别提高了88.37%和26.81%。而且0.19 mmol/L纳米硒喷施处理绿豆芽中硒含量为3.04 mg/kg,在安全标准范围内。因此,生产富硒绿豆芽以0.06～0.19 mmol/L纳米硒浓度喷施最佳。     

豆渣高纤维面包的研制工艺

以豆渣为原料.探讨了豆渣纤维添加量对面包体积、弹柔性及风味的影响.结果表明:在不添加改良剂时.豆渣纤维最大添加量为5%;添加而包改良剂可提高豆渣纤维的添加量,并通过正交试验确定了在保证面包一定品质的前提下,面包改良剂为2%时,豆渣的最佳添加量为7%.     

水对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

[目的]为饮用水的处理提供依据。[方法]以蚕豆根尖细胞为材料,采用微核试验方法,以蒸馏水处理为对照,研究凉开水及分别放置0、12、24、36、48h的自来水对蚕豆根尖细胞微核千分率和染色体畸变率的影响。[结果]随着自来水放置时间的延长,蚕豆根尖细胞的微核千分率和染色体畸变率逐渐降低,放置0、12、24h的自来水诱发蚕豆根尖细胞的微核千分率和染色体畸变率均明显高于对照和放置36和48h的自来水处理。不同放置时间自来水处理后,蚕豆根尖细胞产生多种类型畸变,如间期微核、前期微核、染色体断片等。[结论]凉开水对染色体的损伤小于自来水,放置0h的自来水对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传毒性较大。     

Soil property differences among high‐ and average‐yielding soya bean areas in Arkansas,USA

Soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] yields >6719 kg/ha (100 bu/ac) have only recently and infrequently been achieved. Quantifying soil property differences between high‐ and average‐yielding areas can help to further identify non‐plant‐related properties contributing to soya bean yield potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of region and soil depth on soil property differences between high‐ and average‐yielding areas. In each of the seven regions of the ‘Grow for the Green’ yield contest in Arkansas, prior to or just after harvest in 2014 and 2015, soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of one contest high‐yield (HY ) area that was in close proximity to an average‐yield (AY ) area. Across all regions and both years, soya bean yields differed (P  <  0.05) between yield areas, averaging 4701 and 5498 kg/ha in AY and HY areas, respectively. Averaged across soil depth and years, numerous soil properties differed (P  <  0.05) between HY and AY areas within at least one of seven regions. Total soil C content was at least 20.2% greater in the HY than in the AY area in three of seven regions. Extractable soil P content was, on average, 19.4 kg/ha greater in HY than in AY areas in three of the seven regions. Results from this study have the potential to help producers better understand soil properties that contribute to or hinder achieving ultra‐high (>6719 kg/ha) soya bean yields.     

氮肥用量对油菜//蚕豆间作系统作物产量及养分吸收的影响

油菜间作蚕豆方式中的养分吸收利用特征少见报道,本研究通过田间小区试验探讨了不同施氮水平下间作对作物产量及氮、钾养分吸收利用的影响。通过研究表明,油菜间作蚕豆具有显著的间作产量优势,间作方式中油菜的竞争能力强于蚕豆。间作平均提高油菜产量15.6%～44.5%,提高蚕豆产量12.1%～26%。不同施氮条件下,间作土地当量比（LER）=1.14～1.67,N112.5条件下LER最大,N225条件下,作物产量最高。间作提高了油菜地上部氮吸收量,其中间作第一行间作第三行单作,在农民习惯施肥水平（N337.5）条件下间作养分吸收优势消失。随着氮肥施用量的增加,单、间作油菜氮吸收量随之增加。间作油菜子粒氮吸收量、钾吸收量在推荐施氮（N225）条件下达到最大值。不同施氮条件下,单、间作油菜地上部钾吸收量没有差异。间作促进氮素营养由营养器官向生殖器官转移,但对钾素营养的分配没有影响。     

Dry bean production with various tillage and residue management systems

Limited information is available on the influence of high surface residue tillag systems and the interaction of weed control methods, cultivar maturity, and phosphorus fertilizer placement on yield parameters of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) A 3-year field study was conducted on a Fargo clay (fine, frigid, montmorillonitic Vertic Haplaquoll) to evaluate the influence of surface or deep band placed phosphorus fertilizer, tillage systems (PLOW, SWEEP, STRIP, NOTILL) and weed control methods on harvest plant populations, seed yield and seed weight of ‘Upland’ (early maturity) and ‘C-20’ (late maturity) dry bean cultivars. Yield variables were influenced by cultivar planted and climatic conditions. Zinc deficient plants and decreased yield were observed with the ‘C-20’ cultivar when grown on PLOW system plots where phosphorus fertilizer was surface applied. Zinc deficient plants were not present when the phosphorus fertilizer was deep banded or none was applied. No zinc deficient plants were observed on NOTILL, STRIP and SWEEP system plots. Both cultivars matured 7 to 10 days earlier with NOTILL, STRIP and SWEEP systems when compared with the PLOW system. Dry bean yields were reduced 180 to 310 kg ha⁻¹ by cultivation for weed control. Little difference in yields occurred among tillage systems when climatic conditions were normal. During a cool wet season, seed yields on PLOW system plots were 150 to 400 kg ha⁻¹ higher than on plots of systems with surface residue. Seed weight, although lower on the late maturity cultivar, was not greatly changed by tillage or weed control method. Results from this study indicate that dry beans can be successfully grown with small grain surface residue systems in northern climatic areas where growing degree days exceed 1200 and growing season precipitation does not exceed 400 mm. Further, deep band placement of phosphorus fertilizer is essential in dry bean rotations to eliminate potential zinc deficiency on soils low in zinc. Switching to a high residue management system may require a special cultivator design to eliminate yield loss due to pruning of shallow roots present with high surface residue.     

Differences in common bean rhizobial populations associated with soil tillage management in southern Brazil

Progressive adoption of no-tillage (NT) agriculture in the tropics is finally reversing physical, chemical, and biological erosion of soil and in Brazil, an estimated 19 Mha are now devoted to NT. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a main component of Brazilian agriculture, and enhancement of yields has been achieved under NT as a result of mitigation of environmental stresses, resulting in higher N₂ fixation. However, the effects of NT on rhizobial diversity are poorly understood. This study evaluated rhizobial diversity in soils planted to common bean under NT or conventional tillage (CT) systems that were compared with natural grassland used for grazing, in the State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Genetic diversity was assessed by the amplification of the DNA by PCR with specific primers (BOX-PCR) and by RFLP-PCR analyses of the 16S rDNA region. A high level of diversity was observed among strains from all three systems, such that the similarity in the clustering analysis of BOX-PCR products ranged from 36% under natural grassland to only 23% for CT strains. High polymorphism was confirmed in the RFLP-PCR analysis; forty-seven different profiles were obtained, none sharing high similarity with the profiles of reference species of common bean rhizobia. These results indicate that other tropical rhizobial species remain to be described. Genetic diversity was higher among the NT than the CT rhizobial strains, especially when the RFLP-PCR profiles were considered. Genetic diversity in the natural grassland was lower than in the cropped systems, possibly due to absence of the host plant and stubble burning in winter. Average yields in the area under NT (e.g. common bean, approximately 1500 kg ha⁻¹) have been about 30% higher than under CT, therefore high rhizobial diversity may be a parameter indicative of superior soil quality.     

枯草芽孢杆菌YB5对菜豆根腐病菌的抑菌机制测定及应用

腐皮镰孢引起的菜豆根腐病是一种世界性病害,在菜豆生产中危害严重。为对其有效的生物防治,针对菜豆根腐病利用枯草芽孢杆菌进行了拮抗机制及应用的研究。结果表明:YB5能有效抑制菌丝生长、孢子产生和萌发。YB5的无菌滤液对高温敏感。YB5菌液对种子发芽没有抑制作用,且能促进根系的发育。YB5菌液及无菌滤液对菜豆腐皮镰孢根腐病的盆栽均具有较好的防效,YB5菌液防效可达94.6%。