Response of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to linuron

Dry bean producers in Ontario, Canada, have few herbicide options available for annual broad-leaved weed management and there is little information on the tolerance of dry bean to linuron. The tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to the pre-emergence (PRE) application of linuron at the rates of 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 g ai ha⁻¹ was evaluated in field studies conducted in 2005 and 2006 at Exeter and in 2006 at Ridgetown, Ontario. The four market classes differed in their response to linuron. Cranberry and kidney bean were more tolerant to the PRE application of linuron than black and white bean. Linuron applied PRE caused as much as 12% injury in cranberry and kidney bean, 47% injury in black bean, and 56% injury in white bean. Linuron applied PRE at 500–2500 g ai ha⁻¹ had no effect on the height of cranberry and kidney bean but decreased the height by 7, 8, and 15% in black bean and by 10, 13, and 23% in white bean at 1500, 2000, and 2500 g ai ha⁻¹, respectively. Linuron applied PRE at the rates evaluated did not cause any adverse affect on the yield of cranberry, kidney, and white bean but black bean yield was reduced by 16% at 2500 g ai ha⁻¹. Based on these results, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for the PRE application of linuron in black and white bean at rates >1000 g ai ha⁻¹. However, there is a potential for the use of linuron PRE for weed management in cranberry and kidney bean at the rates evaluated.     

Powdery Mildew of Prairie Gentian: Characteristics,Molecular Phylogeny and Pathogenicity

In March 1999, we found prairie gentian (Eustoma grandiflorum) infected with powdery mildew in a greenhouse in Oita Prefecture, Japan. Morphological observation revealed that the causal fungus belongs to the mitosporic genus Oidium subgenus Pseudoidium [teleomorph: Erysiphe sensu Braun and Takamatsu (2000)]. Precise taxonomic position of the fungus, however, is uncertain due to lack of the perfect stage. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the rDNA ITS region of the fungus. Comparison of the sequence with those obtained from DNA databases of this fungal group revealed that the sequence is identical to those of powdery mildews from garden four-o'clock (Mirabilis jalapa) and broad bean (Vicia faba). Inoculation of an isolate from garden four-o'clock caused mildew on prairie gentian and broad bean, suggesting that the prairie gentian mildew originates from garden four-o'clock or broad bean. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship of this fungus to Erysiphe baeumleri on Vicia spp. and E. trifolii on Trifolium pratense. From these results, we propose that prairie gentian mildew diverged from a Fabaceae-parasitic ancestor. Received 14 March 2002/ Accepted in revised form 28 May 2002     

2种糊化方式对小麦面粉流变及回生特性影响的比较

对传统加热糊化和微波糊化小麦面浆的过程进行了比较。在相同反应温度与时间的条件下,分别考察体系的糊化特性、流变学特性、贮藏回生特性及其回生后的超微结构。结果表明：小麦面粉经微波糊化后体系均匀、黏度较大、剪切恢复性小、超微结构致密,传统加热糊化不充分、体系黏度较低、存在剪切恢复性、超微结构不均匀;微波糊化只能在短时间内延缓淀粉体系的回生作用,不能降低其最终回生度。     

蚯蚓蛋白水解酶对大豆蛋白的分解作用

通过琼脂糖蛋白平板及水解度测定两种方法从定性、定量两个方面研究了蚯蚓蛋白水解酶对大豆蛋白的分解作用．同时测定并比较了蚯蚓豆粕反应物的氨基酸含量。结果表明．蚯蚓蛋白水解酶对大豆蛋白具有一定的酶解活性．其水解度达2．75％。利用蚯蚓处理豆粕,反应物中多种氨基酸含量均有不同程度增加,氨基酸总量与豆粕相比上升了27．83％,而且各种必需氨基酸的比例也更趋合理。因此,利用蚯蚓蛋白水解酶对大豆蛋白的分解作用可以有效地改善豆粕饲料的品质．     

脆肉鲩质构与感官评价的相关性研究

为探究高浓度蚕豆水提取物、维生素C和E (V_C/V_E)提升草鱼肌肉品质(质构特性等)的效果,实验以普通配合饲料为对照,30%蚕豆水提取物、30%蚕豆水提取物+V_C/V_E (400 mg/kg V_C + 200 mg/kg V_E)、蚕豆配合饲料为处理组,分别饲喂 (250±20) g草鱼120 d。在40、80和120 d 3个时间点测定草鱼的肌肉和肠道中活性氧 (ROS)含量及ROS消除和生成相关酶活性、肌肉细胞中线粒体膜通透性转换孔和线粒体膜电位水平的变化。在120 d时分析草鱼的生长特性和肌肉及肠道的显微结构。结果显示,与蚕豆组相比,30%蚕豆水提取物和30%蚕豆水提取物+V_C/V_E两组草鱼的生长增加、饲料系数和腹腔脂肪水平显著下降,但蚕豆水提取物+V_C/V_E组草鱼肌肉质构特性高于30%蚕豆水提取物组。30%蚕豆水提取物和30%蚕豆水提取物+V_C/V_E两组草鱼肌肉和肠道的活性氧含量较蚕豆组显著下降、活性氧生成相关酶活性下降、消除相关酶活性上升。显微结构观察显示,30%蚕豆水提取物组和蚕豆水提取物+V_C/V_E组的草鱼肌纤维密度增高、直径降低,肠道损伤程度较蚕豆组明显下降。研究表明,在饲料中同时添加一定量的蚕豆水提取物和V_C/V_E可有效提升草鱼肌肉质构,在淡水鱼品质改良方面具有较大应用前景。     

植物生长调节剂三十烷醇对绿豆发芽生长的影响

三十烷醇是一种广谱性的植物生长促进剂,其促进生长效果稳定,无污染,无毒害。本文研究了不同浓度三十烷醇溶液对绿豆生长的影响,结果表明：低浓度三十烷醇溶液对绿豆生长起促进作用。     

施氮对蚕豆/玉米间作系统蚕豆农艺性状及结瘤特性的影响

 【目的】旨在探明施氮对蚕豆/玉米间作体系蚕豆农艺性状和结瘤特性的影响,为河西走廊灌区豆科/禾本科间作体系氮素管理和高产高效提供科学依据。【方法】于2006-2007年在甘肃省农科院白云试验站分别采用裂区设计和原位根系行分隔法设计了蚕豆/玉米间作体系的氮梯度试验和根系分隔微区试验,研究不同氮水平下蚕豆/玉米种间互作对蚕豆农艺性状和结瘤特性的影响。【结果】施氮对蚕豆地上部生长和产量性状均无显著影响,但显著地抑制了蚕豆结瘤,产生了“氮阻遏”效应,且随着施氮量增加和蚕豆生长,“氮阻遏”效应愈加明显。随着蚕豆与玉米两种作物生长发育,作物根系相互促进作用逐渐增强,显著地促进了根瘤发育,且产生了“减缓效应”,平均为14.4%;根系互作相对于无根系互作处理蚕豆结瘤平均增加10.2%。【结论】蚕豆/玉米种间根系相互作用促进了蚕豆结瘤,减缓了”氮阻遏”效应,显著提高了蚕豆产量性状而实现了蚕豆增产。     

南方小花蝽的发育与繁殖研究

研究了在27℃条件下,南方小花蝽取食蚕豆蚜的发育和繁殖情况,并组建了实验种群生命表和繁殖特征生命表,计算了生命表的有关参数。结果表明,南方小花蝽取食蚕豆蚜时的未成熟期平均为21.02d,雌成虫平均寿命为7.55d,其平均产卵量为35.55粒,日产卵量为6.29粒,平均产卵期5.6d。南方小花蝽的种群趋势指数为7.17,净生殖率为6.57;内禀增长能力为0.074 9,周限增长率为1.077 4,种群加倍时间为9.257 6d。     

加工方式对微粒化鱼骨泥营养品质的影响

以白鲢(H ypophthalmichth ys molitrix)鱼骨为原料,采用湿法粉碎的方法制备微粒化鱼骨泥,研究不同的加工方式(常温加冰、低温冷冻和120℃蒸煮)对鱼骨泥营养品质的影响.结果表明,鱼骨泥中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和钙的含量分别约为35％、20％、32％00和9％,加工方式对微粒化鱼骨泥的粗蛋白、粗灰分和矿物盐的含量无显著性影响(P＞0.05),鱼骨泥的第一限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸(Ile).采用常温加冰和低温冷冻加工的鱼骨泥的主要氨基酸含量占总氨基酸含量的比例无显著性差异(P＞0.05);采用高温蒸煮加工的鱼骨泥的必需氨基酸比例和必需氨基酸指数显著(P＜0.05)高于采用常温加冰和低温冷冻组的;采用高温蒸煮加工的鱼骨泥的钙和蛋白质体外消化率显著(P＜0.05)高于常温加冰和低温冷冻加工组的.以上结果说明,采用高温蒸煮加工的鱼骨泥的营养价值高于其他2种加工方式的,但采用高温蒸煮加工的鱼骨泥的脂肪含量和过氧化值相对较高(P＜0.05).     

酶法提取豆渣中水溶性膳食纤维工艺研究

以大豆分离蛋白质时所产生的废豆渣为原料,采用酶法提取豆渣中水溶性膳食纤维,以豆渣水溶性膳食纤维得率为指标,考察纤维素酶添加量、溶液p H、酶解次数、酶解温度和酶解时间5个因素,通过单因素试验与均匀设计,确定了制备水溶性膳食纤维的最佳酶解条件,纤维素酶添加量为原料的2%,p H 4.5,酶解温度为51℃,酶解时间为2.0 h。在最佳条件下,水溶性膳食纤维得率可达11.48%,该结果可为豆渣中制备水溶性膳食纤维酶的选择和应用提供参考。