Viral replication in excised fin tissues (VREFT) corresponds with prior exposure of Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes), to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV)

Procedures for a viral replication in excised fin tissue (VREFT) assay were adapted to Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii, and optimized both to reduce processing time and to provide the greatest resolution between naïve herring and those previously exposed to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), Genogroup IVa. The optimized procedures included removal of the left pectoral fin from a euthanized fish, inoculation of the fin with >10⁵ plaque‐forming units (PFU) mL^?1 VHSV for 1 h, rinsing the fin in fresh medium six times to remove unadsorbed virions, incubation of the fin in fresh medium for 4 days and enumeration of the viral titre in a sample of the incubation medium by plaque assay. The optimized VREFT assay was effective at identifying the prior exposure history of laboratory‐reared Pacific herring to VHSV. The geometric mean VREFT value was significantly greater (P < 0.01) among naïve herring (1.2 × 10³ PFU mL^?1) than among groups that survived exposure to VHSV (1.0–2.9 × 10² PFU mL^?1); additionally, the proportion of cultures with no detectable virus was significantly greater (P = 0.0002) among fish that survived exposure to VHSV (39–47%) than among naïve fish (3.3%). The optimized VREFT assay demonstrates promise for identifying VHSV exposure history and forecasting disease potential in populations of wild Pacific herring.     

车辆轮边减速器的散热仿真分析

针对某款重型商用车在高速行驶时由于行星齿轮式轮边减速器发热量过大,导致传递到轮胎的温度过高而使其爆裂的情况,提出安装散热片的解决方案。首先对此散热片在不同工况车速下分别处于静止和流动空气中时流动和换热性能进行仿真计算,拟合出努塞尔数、雷诺数等相似准则数间的关联式,并与相关文献得出的盘式散热片关联式对比,验证所建计算流体力学模型的准确性;其次,预测散热片在汽车高速行驶过程中的散热量;最后,将计算所得行星齿轮式轮边减速器摩擦产生的热流密度和仿真所得盘式散热片的对流换热系数作为边界条件,对车轮（轮辋和钟形鼓）进行了温度场仿真分析,结果表明,安装散热片后,轮辋表面温度有所下降。盘式散热片有效地改善了轮边减速器的散热条件,高速行驶时轮胎发生爆裂的可能性得以降低,安装散热片的方案有效。     

Genetic basis of pectoral fin deformities in the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes 1840) and their hybrids

Morphological aberrations of the pectoral fins in nine mating combinations involving Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) and their hybrids were investigated to determine the level and genetic basis of occurrence. The highest mean percentage survival in a Clarias× Clarias group was 75%, whereas the least mean percentage survival was 2% in the same group. The least mean percentage survival (40.3%) in the remaining three groups occurred in the cross of female hybrid (right pectoral fin absent) × male C. gariepinus (right pectoral fin absent). A maximum of nine types of aberrations was observed in the four mating groups – double dorsal fin, curved posterior dorsal fin, spineless right pectoral fin, right pectoral fin absent, left pectoral fin absent, rudimentary pectoral fin, both pectoral fins absent, double anal fin and curved anterior dorsal fin. These nine aberration types were recorded in the Clarias× Clarias group, with a total frequency ranging from 7.14% to 75.00%. The least number of aberrations was observed in the hybrid ×Clarias group (double dorsal fin and both pectoral fins absent) with a frequency range of 1.47–5.55%. No aberration was observed in two crosses involving female hybrid (right or left pectoral fin absent) × female C. gariepinus (normal). The level of aberrations in some of these crosses indicates the involvement of genotype rather than the influence of environment.     

变片距蒸发器性能数值分析与实验研究

论述了结霜对蒸发器运行性能的影响，分析了变肋片间距蒸发器在低温结霜工况下的性能。提出了运用于变片距蒸发器的设计的数值计算模型，通过实验值与数值计算值的对比证明了此计算方法的可行性。     

瓣结鱼的年轮特征与年龄鉴定

根据分别采集于贵州清水江和都柳江的316例瓣结鱼标本,观察了瓣结鱼鳞片、主鳃盖骨、背鳍条、脊椎骨和匙骨等5种材料的年轮特征并进行了瓣结鱼的年龄鉴定。结果表明,瓣结鱼这5种年龄鉴定材料的年轮特征各不相同。其中瓣结鱼鳞片和主鳃盖骨的年轮最为清晰,而匙骨的年轮则较为模糊。分别采用鳞片、主鳃盖骨、背鳍条和脊椎骨等4种材料对瓣结鱼年龄鉴定的结果表明,鳞片和主鳃盖骨年龄鉴定的吻合率最高,达92.1%,瓣结鱼鳞片的年轮形成期主要在每年的5月、8月和10月。鳞片为瓣结鱼年龄鉴定的主要依据材料,而主鳃盖骨和背鳍条则为瓣结鱼年龄鉴定的重要佐证。     

Amikacin-induced Fin Reduction is Mediated by Autophagy

Despite its medical use, little is known about the mechanisms underlying amikacin-induced embryotoxicity, including fin reduction, in zebrafish. In this study, we examined the expression of well-known autophagy markers mTOR (target of rapamycin), atg10 (autophagy-related gene), atg12 and LC3 (mammalian homolog of Atg8) in amikacin-treated zebrafish embryos. Our results indicated that the mRNA expression level of atg12 in the amikacin-treated group was significantly increased by 1.5-fold (p<0.05) compared with the corresponding mock control group, while the expression levels of atg10 and mTOR were significantly decreased by 0.74-fold (p<0.05) and 0.58-fold (p<0.05), respectively. Western blot analysis revealed that LC3 protein expression was induced by amikacin. Taken together, these data suggest that amikacin-induced fin reduction is mediated by fin cell autophagy.     

一种保存鱼类鳍条的便捷方法

鳍条是研究鱼类分子生物学常用的组织样本,长期保存的鳍条为实验提供源源不断的基因组DNA。本研究介绍一种便捷保存鱼类鳍条用于DNA提取的方法---干燥法,并说明了用此方法保存鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、施氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）和虹鳟（Onchorynchus mykiss）鳍条效果。采集新鲜鳍条,贴在滤纸等吸水性强的纸张上,覆盖另一张滤纸,防止受潮、霉变,自然干燥后在室温保存3个月。剪取部分鳍条样本,用常规酚、氯仿抽提法提取基因组DNA,分别用紫外分光光度计、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、PCR扩增方法检测基因组DNA的质量。结果显示：用干燥法保存的3种鱼类的鳍条样品,提取获得的基因组DNA的OD260/OD280值在1.82-1.89之间, OD260/OD230值在2.29-2.70之间,琼脂糖凝胶电泳条带清晰明亮,可以用于后续的分子生物学研究。本研究证实用干燥法长期保存鱼类鳍条能够获得高质量的基因组DNA,为珍贵样品的长期保存提供了一种行之有效的方法,也为远距离、大样品的采集和保存提供了便捷的选择。     

电子设备封闭腔内自然对流冷却效果数值分析

为了研究安装于封闭空间内的电子设备散热元件属性及空间位置对腔内自然对流传热特性的影响,该文采用FLUENT14.5软件中的RNGk-ε湍流模型对流体为空气、高宽比为1的封闭腔内温度场、流场、壁面传热能力进行了数值分析。结果表明:在热壁面1/3高度处布置1个导热翅片时热壁面的平均Nu数比相同位置布置绝热翅片时提高了9.67%;在热壁面1/3高度处、冷壁面2/3高度处同时各布置1个导热翅片时热壁面平均Nu数可取得双翅片工况的最大值39.94,比单翅片的最优工况平均Nu数提高了14.34%。本文研究结果对于改善工农业工程中电子元器件的自然对流冷却效果、优化散热元器件的空间布置具有一定的理论指导意义。     

A historical review of the key bacterial and viral pathogens of Scottish wild fish

Thousands of Scottish wild fish were screened for pathogens by Marine Scotland Science. A systematic review of published and unpublished data on six key pathogens (Renibacterium salmoninarum, Aeromonas salmonicida, IPNV, ISAV, SAV and VHSV) found in Scottish wild and farmed fish was undertaken. Despite many reported cases in farmed fish, there was a limited number of positive samples from Scottish wild fish, however, there was evidence for interactions between wild and farmed fish. A slightly elevated IPNV prevalence was reported in wild marine fish caught close to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms that had undergone clinical IPN. Salmonid alphavirus was isolated from wild marine fish caught near Atlantic salmon farms with a SAV infection history. Isolations of VHSV were made from cleaner wrasse (Labridae) used on Scottish Atlantic salmon farms and VHSV was detected in local wild marine fish. However, these pathogens have been detected in wild marine fish caught remotely from aquaculture sites. These data suggest that despite the large number of samples taken, there is limited evidence for clinical disease in wild fish due to these pathogens (although BKD and furunculosis historically occurred) and they are likely to have had a minimal impact on Scottish wild fish.