洲际背包客中国出入境口岸选择

本文首次讨论洲际背包客在华出入境口岸选择偏好。在对西安、阳朔两地洲际背包客进行旅游市场实地亲身调查的基础上,总结了背包客对北京、香港、上海、广州中国四大进出境口岸城市的旅游访问率;讨论了对各口岸城市的选择行为并分析了影响口岸选择的因素;在Leiper双目的地旅游系统地理要素模型的基础上,构建了洲际背包客旅游系统地理要素模型;提出不同旅游偏好的洲际背包客对相应类型顶尖级旅游吸引物先睹为快的倾向。     

鄂尔多斯地区历史城市的城市平面组合和子城特征

结合文物资料和前人的研究成果,在2003～2007年多次野外实地考察的基础上,对我国农牧过渡带-鄂尔多斯高原及毗邻地区内209座历史城市的城市平面组合和子城进行了研究。鄂尔多斯高原及毗邻地区历史时期的城市平面组合形式大致可分为两种:独立组合式和相连并列式。汉代城市的子城周长大致符合晁错的设计规模;子城以偏于地势较高和利于防卫的城内一隅为最常见的形态;子城作为城市中枢系统衙署所在,在位置选择中要得到最好的防御保障。     

Biodiversity and environmental stressors along urban walking routes

There is increasing focus on designing liveable cities that promote walking. However, urban walking routes can expose people to adverse environmental conditions that reduce health, well-being and biodiversity. Our primary objective is to assess how urban form is associated with environmental quality, including biodiversity, for people moving through urban spaces. We assess a range of environmental conditions that influence human health and biodiversity (temperature, noise and particulate pollution) and biodiversity of three taxa (trees, butterflies and birds) along 700 m public walking routes embedded in 500 m x 500 m grid cells across three UK towns. Cells are selected using random stratification across an urbanisation intensity gradient. Walking routes in more built-up areas were noisier and hotter; noise levels further increased in areas with more industrial land-use and large roads. There was no evidence of vegetation mitigating noise or temperature, but there was some evidence that increased vegetation cover mitigated small particulate pollution. Walking routes in more built-up environments had lower butterfly, bird and native tree species richness, and reduced butterfly abundance. Large roads were associated with reduced bird species richness and increased noise was associated with reduced bird abundance. Most specific measures of vegetation in the surrounding matrix (median patch size, structural complexity at 1.5 m resolution) were not detectably associated with biodiversity along walking routes, indicating minimal beneficial spill-over. Increased garden cover in the surrounding matrix was associated with less abundant and less species-rich butterfly communities. Our results highlight considerable heterogeneity in the environmental quality of urban walking routes and pedestrians’ potential to experience biodiversity along these routes, driven by reduced quality in areas with more built cover. A greater focus is needed on mitigating adverse effects of specific features of the built environment (roads, industrial areas, noise) surrounding walking routes to enhance the co-benefits of more biodiversity and healthier conditions for pedestrians.     

Needs and expectations of German and Chinese children for livable urban green spaces revealed by the method of empathy-based stories

One of the important features of cities is to provide high-quality outdoor environments for various groups of citizens. Although children are frequent users of green spaces, the knowledge and perspectives applied in planning and design of urban green spaces are mostly defined by adults. This results in spaces and practices that may limit the daily lives and creativity of urban children. Promoting child-friendly cities benefits from knowledge produced by children themselves, regarding their perceptions and experiences, as well as ideas and suggestions. This study provides empirical results concerning children’s needs and mental images for urban green spaces in two urban areas in two countries (Chengdu, China, and Ruhr Region, Germany). 765 children, ages 8–10 were surveyed through the method of empathy-based stories (MEBS). Participants were asked to use their imagination to write stories according to given scenarios. Our study shows that MEBS can be used to gather meaningful data with children, and that children are an important stakeholder group in urban planning, landscape design and management with an ability to express their diverse needs and preferences towards green spaces. Both designed green spaces (e.g. gardens, parks) and wild nature (e.g. forests, meadows) can offer a range of activities and experiences for children in their everyday lives: opportunities for play, socializing, contact with nature, aesthetic and restorative experiences, learning and exploration. Our findings include indications of children’s awareness of the diverse ecosystem services that green spaces provide, as well as of urban sustainability and livability. While we found German and Chinese children to have corresponding needs and expectations regarding urban green spaces and nature, we also found some variation. We suggest that the use of, and experiences in green spaces are linked not only to the landscape but also to conceptual-cultural contexts.     

Effects of urban parks on the local urban thermal environment

Air temperatures in and outside of 60 parks in Taipei city were surveyed to study the effect of different urban parks on their surrounding thermal gradients. Results suggest that the factors governing the temperature of park surroundings are not identical to those of park interiors. Air-temperature gradients surrounding urban parks are influenced by both the horizontal transport of cool or warm air mass above parks and the evapotranspirative air-parcels from trees, creating a cool island larger than the boundaries of cool-island parks, a heat-island larger than the boundaries of strong heat-island parks, and a cool-ring outside weak heat-island parks. Such horizontal air movement is not easily detected using remotely sensed data. During daytime, the thermal environment within a park is dominated by the amount of solar input absorbed by unshaded paved area, which, when strong, can overflow to increase the temperatures of park surroundings; at night, despite park trees causing a warming effect inside parks, park surroundings are cooled by horizontal flow of evapotranspirative air-parcels from park trees. In business and other districts used mostly during daytime, it is recommended that parks and other open spaces be designed with less than 50% paved area and at least 30% trees, shrubs, and other shadings. In residential districts that are used mostly during nighttime, parks and other open spaces are recommended to be designed with more trees. Night irrigation, a measure commonly recommended for the conservation of water, is also recommended to further enhance this nighttime cooling.     

公共图书馆如何参与学习型城市建设的思考

在论述公共图书馆在学习型城市建设中的作用的基础上,对公共图书馆如何参与学习型城市建设展开了一些思考。     

农民工进城务工背景下农村基层组织建设的调查与研究——以陕西省宝鸡市凤县为例

以宝鸡市凤县为例,对农民工进城务工背景下农村基层党建情况进行研究,研究表明,农村党员队伍结构出现了老龄化、性别比例失衡等问题.在此基础上,提出了加强凤县农村基层组织建设的对策.     

苏南滨江小城市绿地系统规划编制内容研究

为探索具有个性化、差异化、地域性的苏南滨江小城市绿地系统规划编制内容,本文对苏南滨江小城市的城市、绿地特征进行分析,并对比国家《城市绿地系统规划编制纲要(试行)》(建城[2002]240号),分析得出苏南滨江小城市已有绿地系统规划编制内容的特征与问题,包括城乡生态空间待整合、衔接上位规划、地域性和差异化有待增强等。研究提出统筹生态空间、规划水系周边绿色空间、建立绿色廊道等策略,并从市域和中心城区两个层面对绿地系统规划编制内容进行优化。     

广西县(市)科技工作现状与发展建议

[目的]总结广西县(市)科技工作成效和经验做法,以进一步推动广西县(市)科技工作,并使之更好地为发展生产、改善民生服务.[方法]在文献分析和调查分析的基础上,系统总结广西县(市)科技工作的成效及主要做法,分析当前广西县(市)科技工作存在的主要问题,提出进一步推动广西县市科技进步的建议.[结果]广西县(市)科技工作推动了县(市)科技进步、带动农民致富和财政增收、促进县域优势特色农业产业发展、增强了县域科技管理服务能力.主要做法包括加强科技兴县(市)工作的组织领导、构建县域科技创新体系、增强并拓展县(市)自身科技服务能力、营造基层科技进步工作环境等.但仍存在科技投入明显低于全国平均水平、管理机构不够健全和队伍不够稳定、地级市通过考核率较低、市(县)党政领导科技进步目标责任制考核尚未完全到位、县(市)参加科技进步考核的动力不足等问题.[建议]广西县(市)科技进步工作可从着力提升科技促进县(市)特色优势产业发展能力和县(市)科技成果转化推广能力、提高企业技术创新能力和农村科技服务能力、大力推进科技特派员农村科技创业行动、进一步提升县(市)科技管理能力以及强化组织管理、加大支持投入、加强宣传、建立健全激励机制等方面进行推动.     

资源型城市的可持续发展

资源型城市转型,需要正确处理好各方面的关系,选择合适的转型发展战略,充分运用市场经济手段,建立城市的运营新体制,实现资源型城市和地区的可持续发展。