大棚金线莲栽培主要病害及防治技术

目的明确云南省金线莲种植基地金线莲灰霉病病原菌。方法采用组织分离法对病原菌进行分离纯化,并完成柯赫氏法则验证。根据病原菌的形态特征、rDNA-ITS和RPB2基因序列明确病菌种类。结果从发病组织分离获得纯培养病原真菌C2L2能导致金线莲发生灰霉病;根据形态特征与分子系统进化分析,将该病原菌确定为灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)。结论本研究为金线莲病害研究与防控提供参考依据。     

辣椒疮痂病、黑霉病、软腐病、病毒病、猝倒病和白绢病的识别与防治

介绍了辣椒疮痂病、黑霉病、软腐病、病毒病、猝倒病和白绢病的危害症状、发病特点,指出防治这些病害应在种植抗病品种的基础上,加强栽培管理,提高植株抗病能力,采用以铲除菌源和药剂保护为重点的综合防治措施。     

Nutritional Enhancement of Biocontrol Activity of Candida sake (CPA-1) against Penicillium expansum on Apples and Pears

Pome fruits are poor in nitrogenous compounds and the addition of nitrogen can improve colonisation of the fruits by antagonists. Twenty-two nitrogenous compounds were evaluated for their effect on Candida sake (CPA-1) growth in vitro. Ten compounds that induced greater growth were applied with the antagonist to wounded fruits to evaluate their effect on enhancing control of Penicillium expansum. Calcium chloride and 2-deoxy-D-glucose were also tested. L-serine and L-aspartic acid enhanced biocontrol by C. sake against P. expansum on apples. On apples and pears, ammonium molybdate, calcium chloride and 2-deoxy-D-glucose improved the capacity of the antagonist to control P. expansum. The addition of ammonium molybdate at 1 mM allowed C. sake to be used on apples and pears at a lower concentration without diminishing control. Similar results were observed with the addition of calcium chloride to the antagonist. 2-deoxy-D-glucose at 6 and 18 mM enhanced biocontrol on pears by over 81%, but on apples the improvement of biocontrol was observed only at 6 mM. In cold storage, the combination of ammonium molybdate and C. sake completely eliminated the incidence of blue mould on pears, and reduced its severity and incidence by more than 80% on apples.     

Chitosan Stimulates Defense Reactions in Grapevine Leaves and Inhibits Development of Botrytis Cinerea

Chitosan (β-1,4-linked glucosamine oligomer) derived from crab shells conferred a high protection of grapevine leaves against grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea. Under controlled conditions, it was shown to be an efficient elicitor of some defense reactions in grapevine leaves and to inhibit directly the in vitro development of B. cinerea. Treatment of grapevine leaves by chitosan led to marked induction of lipoxygenase (LOX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chitinase activities, three markers of plant defense responses. Dose-response curves show that maximum defense reactions (PAL and chitinase activities) and strong reduction of B. cinerea infection were achieved with 75–150 mg l⁻¹ chitosan. However, greater concentrations of chitosan did not protect grapevine leaves with the same efficiency, but inhibited mycelial growth in vitro. Present results underlined the potency of chitosan in inducing some defense responses in grapevine leaves which in turn might improve resistance to grey mould.     

生物防霉剂防治葡萄贮运期病害研究初报

采用生长速率法测定了以纳他霉素为主要有效成分的生物防霉剂对葡萄白腐病菌、葡萄灰霉病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌的室内毒力,结果表明该制剂对各病害菌的抑制有效中浓度EC50分别为:29.67、35.79、32.08μg/ml,并用病原菌感染方法测定了制剂对贮运期葡萄的实物防治效果,纳他霉素浓度为200μg/ml的制剂各处理组不同时间的防效分别达80.18%、55.5%、65.17%,而1000μg/ml多菌灵对照防效仅19.82%、16.5%、21.72%,且均与多菌灵间存在显著性差异。     

注塑模多型腔流道优化设计

在注塑成型过程中,浇注系统尤其是多型腔浇注系统的设计合理与否对产品质量和效益都有决定性影响。为此,不袭用传统的浇注系统设计方法,在前人研究的基础上导出了新的流道系统优化设计模型,并在MODEFLOW软件模拟中得到验证。     

番茄叶霉病重要流行环节初步研究Ⅱ.病斑产孢、孢子飞散

对番茄叶霉病病斑产孢规律的研究表明:在保湿24h内,随着保湿时间的延长,病斑相对产孢量也随之增加;黑暗条件有利于病斑产孢;病斑产孢适宜温度为10～28℃。其中,在23℃时产孢量最大,4℃和35℃时病斑几乎不产孢;在80%～100%的相对湿度范围内病斑均可产孢,病斑产孢量随湿度的增加而增大;另外,病斑相对产孢量随氮肥使用量的增加而增加,却随着磷钾肥使用量的增加而减少;6～9龄的病斑产孢能力最强。叶霉病菌分生孢子主要在夜间飞散;在番茄植株株高30～100cm范围内,60cm株高处分生孢子数量最多。     

贮藏稻谷霉菌菌落总数近红外光谱预测模型

贮藏稻谷常受到霉菌和毒素的侵染会引起稻谷品质下降,严重危害稻谷贮藏安全。近红外光谱技术具备非破坏性、分析速度快、成本低、稳定性好及污染小等优点,适合于稻谷中霉菌菌落总数快速检测。为此,构建了基于近红外光谱的稻谷霉菌和毒素检测数学模型。通过模拟稻谷贮藏试验,建立了贮藏环境温度和含水率对稻谷表面霉菌菌落总数影响规律的数学模型,该模型可以描述和预测稻谷表面霉菌菌落总数在贮藏仓内的变化规律,以指导稻谷安全贮藏。     

环模制粒机中环模结构型孔的有限元分析

苜蓿草粉对环模系统的磨损是造成饲料制粒机关键部件环模失效的主要原因.本研究应用Pro/E及ANSYS软件完成三种类型环模型孔的建模及有限元静力分析.得到了三种类型环模型孔沿轴向路径的应力与变形分布,找到了环模孔倒角与环模孔轴向路径的应力与变形的影响关系,60°倒角环模孔结构好,为环模进行结构优化提供了依据.     

基于绿色设计理念下的模具设计与制造

文章简要介绍绿色设计产生的背景、概念,提出绿色模具的含义,结合模具产品,具体阐述了模具绿色设计和模具零件绿色制造的内容,最后指出模具的设计和制造与绿色理念的结合是模具工业发展的必然趋势。