Comparative effects of the herbicide dinitro-o-cresol on mitochondrial bioenergetics

The herbicide dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) was evaluated for its effects on bioenergetic activities of potato tuber mitochondria to elucidate its mechanism of action and to compare its toxicological properties with those of the chemically related uncoupler dinitrophenol (DNP). DNOC acts as a typical uncoupler, similarly to the classical uncouplers DNP and carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone (FCCP). Low concentrations of DNOC (<100 μM ) maximally stimulate succinate-supported respiration of plant mitochondria, with simultaneous collapse of trans-membrane electrical potential, more efficiently than DNP. The herbicide makes the plant mitochondrial membrane more permeable to protons, acting as a protonophore even in non-energized mitochondria. High concentrations of DNOC (>100 μM ) act also more efficiently than DNP simultaneously as a protonophore and inhibitor of respiration, especially when respiration is supported by substrates that are transported to the matrix. The efficiency of DNOC is decreased with increase of mitochondrial protein, BSA and exogenous orthophosphate. Although similar effects were observed for animal and plant mitochondria, rat-liver mitochondrial respiration was more sensitive to DNOC than plant mitochondria. Furthermore, in the presence of DNOC, liver mitochondria exhibited a higher state 3 respiratory coupling level than potato tuber mitochondria, as a result of a considerable stimulation (60%) of state 3 respiration. In conclusion, DNOC is a more potent mitochondrial uncoupler and respiratory chain inhibitor than DNP, although their chemical structures are very similar. Apparently, the additional methyl group of DNOC increases its efficiency as an uncoupler and as an inhibitor, as compared to DNP. Plant mitochondria were shown to be as useful as animal mitochondria in evaluating the toxicity of these xenobiotics. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

四种菊酯类杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫线粒体膜流动性的影响

为明确菊酯类杀虫剂对昆虫线粒体膜流动性的影响,以1,6-二苯基-1,3,5-己三烯（1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene,DPH）为荧光探剂,采用荧光偏振法研究了4种菊酯类杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫Aphis sp.线粒体膜流动性的影响。结果表明,4种菊酯类杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫线粒体膜流动性均有显著影响,其荧光偏振度显著增大,线粒体膜流动性显著减小。当药剂浓度为100 μmol/L时,对照组枸杞蚜虫线粒体膜的荧光偏振度为0.239,高效氯氰菊酯的影响最大,线粒体膜的荧光偏振度为0.315,联苯菊酯的影响最小,线粒体膜的荧光偏振度为0.287。4种菊酯类杀虫剂对线粒体膜流动性的影响都存在一定的浓度效应,当药剂浓度在0~100 μmol/L范围内,浓度越大影响越大。4种菊酯类杀虫剂在不同温度下对枸杞蚜虫线粒体膜流动性的影响不同,高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和甲氰菊酯对线粒体膜流动性的影响基本不受温度影响,而氯菊酯在高温条件下产生的影响大,在低温条件下产生的影响小,表现为明显的正温度系数。表明DPH可以作为荧光探剂研究枸杞蚜虫线粒体膜的流动性。     

Symmorphosis and livestock bioenergetics: production animal muscle has low mitochondrial volume fractions

A comparative analysis of skeletal muscle structure reveals that production species (nine species, representing three mammalian families and an avian family) have mitochondrial volume fractions (MVF) 37% lower than the non‐production species at equivalent size (17 species, with representatives from 10 mammalian families) ( Fig. 1 ; F_1,25 = 4.79; p = 0.039). As MVF provides evidence of oxidative capacity, this comparative analysis indicates that production animals share an exceptionally low oxidative capacity muscle phenotype. A possible bioenergetic reason for this observation, relating to a reduction in the cost of maintaining trans‐membrane ion gradients is briefly discussed. This discussion is framed within a biological economic design theory called symmorphosis and makes predictions about avenues for improvements in livestock bioenergetics.

Figure 1 Open in figure viewer PowerPoint The scaling of log skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density (MVF) with log endotherm size. Production species (PS) (red circles, red line) have a 37% lower MVF than non‐production species (NPS) (blue circles, blue line). NPS log MVF = ?0.11 log M_b + 0.88 (r² = 0.48, n = 17). PS log MVF = ?0.11 log M_b + 0.74 (r² = 0.69, n = 9).     

氮对低氧胁迫下樱桃根系抗氧化酶活性及线粒体功能的影响

 以‘吉塞拉5号’樱桃组培苗为试材, 研究短期低氧胁迫下氮对樱桃幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性 及线粒体功能的影响。通过溶氧调节仪人为控制营养液溶氧浓度为2 mg·L ^{- 1} , NO₃^- 浓度共设4个水平:0、7.5、15.0、22.5 mmol·L ^{- 1} , 以1 /2 Hoagland营养液正常低氧处理(NO₃^- 浓度7.5 mmol·L ^{- 1} ) 为对照。结果表明: 各处理SOD、POD、CAT酶活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。与对照相比, 营养液加氮处理的SOD、POD、CAT酶活性升高, 膜质过氧化程度减轻, 且氮浓度越大酶活性升高幅度越大, 而营养液缺氮处理的酶活性降低, 膜质过氧化程度加重; 营养液缺氮处理樱桃根系线粒体中的H₂O₂和MDA含量、O₂^-·生成速率升高, 而营养液加氮处理可降低O₂^-·的产生及MDA含量, 提高线粒体的氧化磷酸化水平, 保护樱桃根系线粒体膜的完整性, 对线粒体呼吸功能的破坏明显减轻, 且NO₃^- 离子浓度高时效果更好, 说明适当提高营养液中的氮素水平可以缓解低氧胁迫对樱桃根系的伤害。     

F型与其他小麦雄性不育系细胞质类型的分子鉴定

为了鉴定F型与其他小麦雄性不育系细胞质类型之间差异。以F型不育系(FA1-1,FA1-2,FA2-1)、F型保持系、T、K、V型同核异质不育系(A)及其保持系（B）‘冀5418’等为试验材料,用23对叶绿体和21对线粒体SSR分子标记进行聚类分析。结果表明：FA与T、K、V、B型不育系的细胞质分属不同类别。FA与中国春(CS)的细胞质遗传相似系数为1.00,FA与FB细胞质遗传相似系数为1.00,表明其可能为普通小麦细胞质雄性不育系。与经典质核互作雄性不育原理有差异,F型雄性不育系的育性可能由核基因控制。     

南瓜疫病菌(Phytophthora capsici)毒素对寄主叶片超微结构的影响

文章对南瓜疫病菌(Phytophothora capsici)进行了毒素提取,并用该毒素处理南瓜幼苗,然后观察南瓜叶片超微结构变化。Phytophothora capsici毒素处理后,随着其浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,细胞质壁分离严重,质膜断裂;叶绿体膨胀严重,膜消失,基粒片层紊乱;线粒体膜、脊被破坏;核膜不均一。     

短高温对小麦花器官及旗叶的超微结构变化的直接影响

在春小麦花粉母细胞期和单核期进行短期高温杀雄处理后，用透射电子显微镜观察小麦花器官和旗叶的超微结构。结果表明：短期高温直接使小孢子和绒毡层细胞中线粒体等双层细胞器严重破坏，并且使绒毛层细胞膨胀与小孢子粘连。而胚囊的线粒体和旗叶片中的 纯粒体及叶绿体结构变化不明显。     

不同贮藏年限老芒麦种胚线粒体抗氧化功能的变化规律

种子在自然贮藏过程中常常伴随着内部生理机能的恶化,线粒体作为种子内活性氧（reactive oxide species,ROS）产生的主要位点是最先遭到破坏的细胞器。为探讨不同贮藏年限对老芒麦种胚线粒体抗氧化功能的影响,本试验以室温贮藏0～4年的老芒麦种子为材料,分析比较其老化规律及种胚线粒体抗氧化特性的变化规律。结果表明：随着贮藏年限的延长,老芒麦种子发芽势、发芽率和种苗鲜重逐渐下降,死种子逐渐增多,种胚线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶（mitochondria malate dehydrogenase,MDH）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,GR）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（monodehydroascorbate reductase,MDHAR）活性逐渐下降,但在死种子中超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性显著升高。此外,在贮藏过程中老芒麦种胚线粒体O₂^·-产生速率不断上升,而H₂O₂含量则呈现逐渐降低的趋势,表明线粒体中O₂^·-的积累与细胞氧化损伤密切相关。     

Cracking the Cytotoxicity Code: Apoptotic Induction of 10-Acetylirciformonin B is Mediated through ROS Generation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

A marine furanoterpenoid derivative, 10-acetylirciformonin B (10AB), was found to inhibit the proliferation of leukemia, hepatoma, and colon cancer cell lines, with selective and significant potency against leukemia cells. It induced DNA damage and apoptosis in leukemia HL 60 cells. To fully understand the mechanism behind the 10AB apoptotic induction against HL 60 cells, we extended our previous findings and further explored the precise molecular targets of 10AB. We found that the use of 10AB increased apoptosis by 8.9%–87.6% and caused disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by 15.2%–95.2% in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by annexin-V/PI and JC-1 staining assays, respectively. Moreover, our findings indicated that the pretreatment of HL 60 cells with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, diminished MMP disruption and apoptosis induced by 10AB, suggesting that ROS overproduction plays a crucial rule in the cytotoxic activity of 10AB. The results of a cell-free system assay indicated that 10AB could act as a topoisomerase catalytic inhibitor through the inhibition of topoisomerase IIα. On the protein level, the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, caspase inhibitors XIAP and survivin, as well as hexokinase II were inhibited by the use of 10AB. On the other hand, the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax was increased after 10AB treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that 10AB-induced apoptosis is mediated through the overproduction of ROS and the disruption of mitochondrial metabolism.     

Liver mitochondrial oxygen consumption and proton leak kinetics in broilers supplemented with dietary copper or zinc following coccidiosis challenge

Mitochondrial respiration was assessed in sixteen 7‐day‐old broilers as a subset of a larger study assessing the effects of Cu and Zn supplementation above requirements with a coccidiosis challenge on gain/feed ratio. The birds were selected from four treatments (four birds/treatment): a control diet (Cu 15 mg/kg and Zn 60 mg/kg) + coccidiosis challenge (CC), a Cu diet with 245 mg/kg Cu from tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) + CC, a negative control diet (Cu 15 mg/kg and Zn 60 mg/kg) ‐ CC and a Zn diet with 2000 mg/kg Zn from ZnO. The diets were composed of 49% corn, 40% soybean meal, 6.2% vegetable oil (diet dry matter = 90.62%, crude protein = 21.37%, fat = 7.7%, metabolizable energy = 12.1 MJ/day) and were fed for 14 days. Birds were dissected, and approximately one gram of liver tissue was used for mitochondrial oxygen consumption and proton leak kinetics assays. Respiratory control ratio and mitochondrial proton leak assessed by calculating rates of oxygen consumption at 175mV membrane potential were greater for the negative control group, but there were no differences in average gain/feed among treatments. In summary, broilers that did not undergo coccidiosis challenge had lower proton leak and higher respiratory control ratio. However, the impact of supplementation of Cu and Zn above requirements did not appear to prevent changes in respiratory control ratio and proton leak kinetics with coccidiosis challenge.