植物线粒体中活性氧的产生及其抗氧化系统

线粒体是活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）产生的主要器官之一,而ROS在植物的生长发育和胁迫响应中具有重要作用。一方面ROS作为信号分子介导植物对各种外界刺激产生胁迫响应,另一方面作为强氧化剂攻击植物体内的细胞膜或大分子物质。为了维持线粒体内ROS的动态平衡,严格控制其产生是必要的。该文综述了植物线粒体中活性氧的产生机制和途径,以及线粒体对活性氧的防御系统,包括氧化前防御和氧化后防御机制,为今后该领域的研究奠定基础。      

基于线粒体 COI 序列对云南地区柚喀木虱单倍型的鉴定

【目的】研究采自云南的柚喀木虱 Cacopsylla citrisuga Yang & Li种群的遗传多样性.【方法】利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I基因（COI）条形码片段对采自云南瑞丽和石屏的柚喀木虱样本进行描述,并进行遗传距离和系统发育分析.【结果和结论】经鉴定共得到2种单倍型C1和C2,瑞丽种群的单倍型均为C1,而石屏的种群分化出了2种单倍型C1和C2.分析表明,柚喀木虱的最大序列分歧度特别低,仅为0.16%.此COI片段能很好地区分柚喀木虱与同属的其他几种木虱.     

紫稻型水稻线粒体cox Ⅲ基因转录本的RNA编辑

紫稻细胞质雄性不育系是本实验室构建的新型细胞质雄性不育系.使用PCR、RT-PCR、DNA测序等技术.得到了紫稻细胞质雄性不育水稻不育系(樱香A)及其保持系(樱香B)线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基cox Ⅲ基因转录本cDNA序列.通过与水稻93-11线粒体基因组序列比对发现,樱香A cox Ⅲ cDNA序列中.没有发生RNA编辑;而樱香B cox Ⅲ cDNA序列中有13个编辑位点,11个为C-T编辑,2个为T-C编辑.在樱香B cDNA序列中的13个编辑位点位于13个密码子中,所编码的氨基酸有10个发生改变.这些氨基酸的改变大大增加了蛋白质的疏水性.研究表明,RNA编辑在合成具正常功能的COX Ⅲ多肽的过程中具有至关重要的作用.同时也说明RNA编辑可能与细胞质雄性不育相关.     

喹乙醇致鸡中毒后线粒体膜的ATPase活性变化研究

将1日龄的艾维茵肉鸡随机分为空白对照组(Ⅰ组)和喹乙醇处理组(Ⅱ组)。2组动物以相同条件进行饲养,Ⅱ组按15mg/kg体重的剂量,将喹乙醇进行一次性口服,实验期42 d,每周进行一次采样,共采样6次。所采集的血液制备鸡肝线粒体膜(MiM),本实验以MiM上的Na -K -ATPase、Mg2 -ATPase和Ca2 -ATPase活性变化为检测指标。结果表明:Ⅱ组MiM的ATPase活性在整个实验过程中一直呈下降趋势。实验结果提示喹乙醇可以诱导生物膜ATPase活性的改变,导致线粒体膜功能障碍,使机体的解毒和排泄功能受损。     

低氧胁迫下不同品种凡纳滨对虾线粒体超微结构的比较

利用透射电镜技术比较研究了低氧胁迫对2个凡纳滨对虾品系(正大,A6410)的肌肉和鳃组织线粒体超微结构的影响。结果表明:常氧条件下,这2个凡纳滨对虾品系的肌肉和鳃中线粒体结构均匀,内外膜平滑完整,内嵴细长且分布均匀。低氧胁迫12 h后,正大品种肌肉线粒体膜扭曲变形,体积变大,嵴和基质明显减少,结构不完整且伴随着肌纤维疏松,肌丝断裂溶解;而A6410品种肌肉线粒体轻微肿胀,外膜和内膜局部发生变化,内嵴溶解,部分肌丝疏松断裂。正大品种鳃线粒体外膜扭曲变形,内嵴模糊且排列紊乱,髓样变形,呈现严重空泡化;A6410品种鳃线粒体嵴和基质部分减少,出现轻微空泡化现象。抗低氧性能较强的A6410肌肉和鳃线粒体受损程度明显轻于正大。不同组织对低氧胁迫的敏感性不同,且耐低氧性能与线粒体结构密切相关。     

BmHSP20.8 is Localized in the Mitochondria and has a Molecular Chaperone Function In Vitro

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are abundant and ubiquitous in almost all organisms from bacteria to mammals. BmHSP20.8 is a small (sHSP) in Bombyx mori that contains a 561 bp open reading frame that encodes a protein of 186 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 20.8 kDa. The subcellular localization prediction indicated that BmHSP20.8 is likely distributed in the mitochondria with a 51% probability. To identify the subcellular localization of BmHSP20.8, three recombinant vectors were constructed and used to transfect BmN cells. The cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins were extracted 72 h after transfection. The Western blot showed that recombinant BmHSP20.8 exists only in the mitochondria. To locate the mitochondrial localization signal domain of BmHSP20.8 more accurately, we cloned four truncated recombinant vectors. The Western blot analysis of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins showed that the mitochondrial localization signal domain of BmHSP20.8 is located between amino acids 143 to 186. We constructed the pETduet-HIS-SUMO-BmHSP20.8 vector and a soluble BmHSP20.8 was expressed. In a citrate synthase (CS) thermal aggregation experiment, we found that the recombinant BmHSP20.8 protein can protect CS from aggregating at 43 and 48°C and thus exhibited molecular chaperone activity. Taken together, the results showed that BmHSP20.8 could be a mitochondrial protein and has a molecular chaperone activity, suggesting an important role in mitochondria.     

Another Facet to the Anticancer Response to Lamellarin D: Induction of Cellular Senescence through Inhibition of Topoisomerase I and Intracellular Ros Production

Lamellarin D (LamD) is a marine alkaloid with broad spectrum antitumor activities. Multiple intracellular targets of LamD, which affect cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis, have been identified. These include nuclear topoisomerase I, relevant kinases (such as cyclin-dependent kinase 2) and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. While we have previously demonstrated that LamD at micromolar range deploys strong cytotoxicity by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis, mechanisms of its cytostatic effect have not yet been characterized. Here, we demonstrated that induction of cellular senescence (depicted by cell cycle arrest in G2 associated with β-galactosidase activity) is a common response to subtoxic concentrations of LamD. Cellular senescence is observed in a large panel of cancer cells following in vitro or in vivo exposure to LamD. The onset of cellular senescence is dependent on the presence of intact topoisomerase I since topoisomerase I-mutated cells are resistant to senescence induced by LamD. LamD-induced senescence occurs without important loss of telomere integrity. Instead, incubation with LamD results in the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are critical for senescence as demonstrated by the inhibitory effect of antioxidants. In addition, cancer cells lacking mitochondrial DNA also exhibit cellular senescence upon LamD exposure indicating that LamD can trigger senescence, unlike apoptosis, in the absence of functional mitochondria. Overall, our results identify senescence-associated growth arrest as a powerful effect of LamD and add compelling evidence for the pharmacological interest of lamellarins as potential anticancer agents.     

线粒体未折叠蛋白反应的研究进展

线粒体是细胞内重要的细胞器之一,调控多种细胞内信号通路,然而环境应激会导致线粒体堆积并产生大量错误折叠或未折叠蛋白,造成线粒体功能紊乱。目前研究发现多种由线粒体到细胞核的信号传导通路能够缓解线粒体应激反应,维持线粒体的正常功能状态。本综述就酿酒酵母中的逆行反应,哺乳动物细胞和线虫中的线粒体未折叠蛋白的分子机制及线粒体未折叠蛋白反应与线粒体自噬、天然免疫的相互关系进行重点介绍。     

高等植物线粒体基因组测序和序列分析

线粒体是真核细胞内的重要细胞器,是一种遗传上半自主性的细胞器,编码与自身功能相关的部分基因,参与生命活动一些过程。植物的线粒体基因组较动物的更为复杂,且与植物细胞质雄性不育和物种进化密切相关。本文概述了植物线粒体基因组测序工作,并在此基础上,综述了植物线粒体基因组的大小、组成形式、基因组序列的结构特征、基因组成,分析表达特点、RNA编辑、序列重组,以及线粒体基因组进化、线粒体相关的雄性不育机理研究的研究进展。     

基于线粒体COI和ND1基因分析 三尾凤蝶遗传多样性

以云南和四川分布的3个种群(云南丽江种群、云南东川种群、四川种群)共36头三尾凤蝶为研究对象,选取线粒体COI和ND1基因作为分子标记,对三尾凤蝶的遗传多样性进行了研究.结果表明,PCR扩增测得COI和ND1基因联合序列长度为1913 bp,A+T含量为74.3%,表现出明显的A/T碱基偏向性;共检测到4个变异位点,定义了5个单倍型,其中,Ha1出现的频率较高,为共享单倍型.核苷酸和单倍型多样性指数分别为0.0002和0.2180;遗传分化系数(Gst)、固定系数(Fst)、基因流(Nm)和遗传距离分别为0.05998、0.05995、3.92000和0.分析显示,三尾凤蝶遗传多样性低,各地理种群基因交流频繁,没有形成明显分化.