饲粮L-精氨酸含量对冬毛期雌性水貂氨基酸消化率、血清氨基酸含量及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮L-精氨酸含量对冬毛期雌性水貂氨基酸消化率、血清氨基酸含量及血清生化指标的影响。选取(150±3)日龄的健康雌性水貂63只,随机分为7组(每组9个重复,每个重复1只水貂),分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0、0.20%、0.40%、0.60%、0.80%、1.00%和1.20%L-精氨酸的试验饲粮,试验饲粮中L-精氨酸含量分别为1.70%、1.90%、2.10%、2.30%、2.50%、2.70%和2.90%。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)干物质采食量、干物质排出量和干物质消化率各组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。2)1.70%组水貂的赖氨酸消化率显著高于2.50%、2.70%和2.90%组(P0.05)。2.70%和2.90%组水貂的精氨酸消化率显著高于1.70%和1.90%组(P0.05)。3)2.30%组水貂血清丝氨酸和脯氨酸含量显著高于1.70%、1.90%、2.10%和2.90%组(P0.05)。2.30%和2.50%组水貂血清丙氨酸含量显著高于1.70%、1.90%、2.10%和2.90%组(P0.05)。2.30%组水貂血清苯丙氨酸含量显著高于1.70%和2.90%组(P0.05)。2.30%组水貂血清精氨酸含量显著高于1.70%、1.90%、2.10%和2.90%组(P0.05)。4)2.30%组水貂血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性显著高于1.70%组(P0.05)。2.30%和2.50%组水貂血清乳酸脱氢酶活性显著高于1.70%、1.90%、2.10%、2.70%和2.90%组(P0.05)。5)2.30%和2.50%组水貂血清免疫球蛋白M含量显著高于1.70%、1.90%、2.10%、2.70%和2.90%组(P0.05)。2.30%组水貂血清免疫球蛋白G含量显著高于1.70%和2.90%组(P0.05)。2.30%和2.50%组水貂血清补体4含量显著高于1.70%和2.90%组(P0.05),2.10%组水貂血清补体4含量显著高于1.70%(P0.05)。由结果可知,当饲粮中L-精氨酸含量为2.30%时,冬毛期雌性水貂能获得较好的蛋白质和氨基酸代谢,同时免疫功能得到增强。     

六十二株水貂源大肠杆菌分离株耐药表型与耐药基因及克隆菌群分析

为了调查诸城地区某水貂养殖场粪便源大肠杆菌的表观及其分子特征,采集某个水貂养殖场的水貂粪便进行大肠杆菌分离鉴定,对分离鉴定的大肠杆菌进行血清型鉴定和对14种常见抗菌药物的耐药表型鉴定;使用PCR检测耐药基因以及Ⅰ整合子基因盒的携带情况,利用多位点序列分型（MLST）来分析菌株的克隆关系并构建系统发育树来分析相同克隆群菌株的遗传相似性。结果显示,自82份水貂粪便样品分离到62株大肠杆菌,分离率75.61%;大肠杆菌分离株对AMP和TET的耐药率超过90%,多重耐药菌株（MDR）占比为85.48%。PCR检测到5类耐药基因的存在,qnrS检出率最高,为61.29%（38/62）;aaC2、aaC4、sul1和aac（6'）-Ib-cr耐药基因与菌株产生相应的耐药抗性存在一致性（P<0.01）。分离菌株中Ⅰ类整合子可变区域的优势结构为dfrA27-aadA2-qnrA。鉴定出致病性血清型的存在,且对应菌株都具有多重耐药性,优势血清型为O104：H4。分离株中存在33个STs,ST46为优势STs（16.13%）,具有3个主要克隆群,依次为CC10、CC46和CC176;与致病性相关菌株的STs和人源大肠杆菌具有共同的遗传背景。本研究表明,养殖场的水貂受到致病性和多重耐药性大肠杆菌的污染,相同克隆群菌株的耐药基因分布具有多态性,表观特征差异明显。     

水貂沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及药物敏感性分析

为指导临床合理用药并为治疗患病水貂提供依据,本试验对山东省某水貂养殖场送检的7只疑似患有沙门氏菌病的病死水貂的肝脏和脾脏样品进行细菌分离鉴定及药物敏感性分析,通过分离纯化方法从样品中分离菌株,并采用革兰氏染色、生化鉴定和PCR方法对分离菌株进行鉴定。运用K-B药敏法检测菌株对临床常用药物的敏感性,并通过PCR方法检测菌株耐药基因及Ⅰ类整合子的携带情况。结果显示,本试验分离得到的7株菌均为革兰氏阴性、短小的杆菌;生化反应检测显示,分离菌株葡萄糖、麦芽糖、甘露醇、MR试验、枸橼酸盐、硫化氢试验均表现为阳性,初步鉴定分离菌株为沙门氏菌;PCR产物测序结果进一步表明7株分离菌均为沙门氏菌;药敏试验结果显示,7株沙门氏菌对头孢曲松、左氧氟沙星、氟苯尼考和多黏菌素较敏感,对氨基糖苷类药物、四环素和氨苄西林表现为耐药;耐药基因检测结果显示,7株沙门氏菌共检测出8种耐药基因blaTEM-1、blaCTX-M-1G、aadA1、aac(3′)-Ⅳ、aac(3′)-Ⅱc、aph(4′)-Ⅰa、aph(3′)-Ⅶ和oqxAB,以及基因盒为aadA1、arr-3-aacA4和blaPSE-1的Ⅰ类整合子。综上可知,本试验在送检的7只患病水貂的肝脏和脾脏样品中分离到7株沙门氏菌,分离菌株均为耐药菌株,且主要表现为多重耐药现象;耐药基因呈多样性,且存在位于质粒上的耐药基因扩大了耐药基因的传播范围,增加了细菌的耐药性,为临床用药治疗带来困难。     

Effects of maternal treatment with β‐hydroxy‐β‐metylbutyrate and 2‐oxoglutaric acid on femur development in offspring of minks of the standard dark brown type

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the diet, mother type and sex of the offspring on the mechanical and geometric parameters of long bones as well as bone tissue density in minks. Primiparous and multiparous dams were supplemented with β‐hydroxy β‐methylbutyrate (a metabolite of leucine, at the daily dosage of 0.02 g/kg of body weight) and/or 2‐oxoglutaric acid (a precursor of glutamine, at the daily dosage of 0.4 g/kg of body weight) during gestation. The diet did not influence bone tissue density and the length of the humerus. An increase in the length of the femur was noted in male offspring delivered by multiparous dams. The diet resulted in an increase in the weight of the humerus in males from multiparous dams and a decrease in offspring from primiparous dams. Heavier femora were noted in male offspring delivered by both types of dams. The maximum elastic strength of the humerus was higher in the offspring delivered by multiparous than primiparous dams, irrespective of the offspring sex. The diet resulted in reduction in the ultimate strength of the femur in the male offspring delivered by primiparous dams. Only females born by multiparous dams, irrespective of the diet, showed a significant increase in the cross‐sectional area of the humerus, while a significant decline was noted in males delivered by multiparous dams and in all the offspring delivered by primiparous dams. An increase in the cross‐sectional area of the femur was noted in the offspring delivered by multiparous dams, while reduction was observed in the offspring delivered by primiparous dams. These results have shown for the first time that the presence of β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate or 2‐oxoglutaric acid in the diet of pregnant primiparous or multiparous dams unambiguously affects the geometry and mechanical properties of offspring's long bones.     

Isolation,Identification and Drug Sensitivity Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Minks

In order to provide therapeutical guidance for drug admistration,the bacteria from five dead minks suffering with typical symptoms provided by mink farms in Shandong province were isolated and identified,and the drug sensitivity was tested.The bacteria were isolated with TSA plates,and identified using biochemical methods and PCR assay.The drug sensitivity of the isolates to antimicrobial agents was investigated using K-B method.PCR was used to detect the resistance genes.A total of 5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were obtained from sick minks.The drug sensitivity results showed that 5 strains were sensitive to fluoroquinolone,the third and fourth generations cephalosporin drugs,but were resistant to aminoglycoside,tetracycline,chloramphenicol,penicillin,the first and second generations cephalosporin drugs.There were six resistance genes were detected,aadA1,aac(3')-Ⅱc,aac(6')-Ⅰb,tetA,tetK and cat2.All of the isolates were detected more than three kinds of resistance genes.The result showed that 5 strains were all Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the main cause of mink hemorrhagic pneumonia.The resistance of 5 strains were very serious and mainly for multiple drug resistance phenomenon.The resistance genes detected in the mink were various,and could cause the resistance to the drugs.     

提高仔貂成活率的措施

仔貂成活率直接影响养貂业的发展,是养殖水貂的关键技术。本文通过对部分仔貂死亡原因的分析,提出了提高仔貂成活率的措施。     

Preparation of Genetic Engineering Diagnostic Antigen of Mink Aleutian Disease

To develop a new method of Aleutian disease (AD) diagnostic antigen production,we used Bac-to-Bac expression system in this study.Firstly,Aleutian disease virus (ADV) genome was extracted and ADV VP2 gene was amplified by PCR method.Then Bacmid-VP2 was constructed and transfected into insect cell Sf9 by liposomes to construct AcMVPV-VP2.Secondly,the VP2 protein was observed by electromicroscope and antigency was detected by Western blotting.At last,the activity of recombinant protein was inspected by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis.The results showed that the expressed recombinant VP2 protein could react with ADV positive serum and form virus like particles.Compared with the commercial diagnostic antigen,the coincidence rate of recombinant antigen was 100%.This method could be a candidate for AD diagnostic antigen production.     

Relationship Analysis Between the Polymorphism of T138A Locus in TYR Gene and Hair Color in Mink (Neovison vison)

In order to detect the polymorphism of T138A locus in tyrosinase (TYR) gene in mink and analyze the relationship between the genetic polymorphisms and phenotypes of mink hair color, the blood samples of 430 minks with five kinds of different hair color were taken and their genomic DNA were extracted. The T138A locus of TYR gene in mink was detected using PCR-RFLP method. Allele frequency and genotype frequency were calculated. Furthermore, the relationship between the polymorphism of T138A locus and hair color trait were analyzed by the statistical method of Chi-square independence test. The results showed that the T138A locus polymorphism was found with two alleles T and A,and three genotypes of TT, TA and AA. AA genotype was dominant genotype in Jilin White mink (0.9069), TT genotype was dominant genotype in Jinzhou Black mink,Pearl mink,Coffee mink and Silverblue mink, and existed mainly in Jizhou Black mink (1.0000). The association analysis of T138A locus polymorphism with hair color trait indicated that there was extremely significant correlation between TYR gene polymorphism and hair color of mink (P < 0.0001). This results indicated that the T138A locus might affect hair color phenotype, or molecular marker linked with the major gene regulating the white hair phenotype of mink.     

SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and feral cats: current evidence and implications

Current evidence indicates that cats play a limited role in COVID-19 epidemiology, and pets are probably dead-end hosts of SARS-CoV-2 and pose negligible risks of transmission to humans. Still, one health concept is to be adopted widely as a component of mitigation strategies to tackle the ongoing pandemic. Therefore, in terms of the magnitude of infection and potential to transmit SARS-CoV-2 to humans, our surveillance efforts should mainly focus on mustelids (especially minks, ferrets, and others) for early detection and control of infection. This will ensure that SARS-CoV-2 will not get established in the wild animal population of these susceptible species. We agree with Dr. Passarella Teixeira on the possibility of domestic and feral cats acting as an urban reservoir, subsequently transmitting the virus to human beings. However, it is less likely that such a phenomenon will be reported even if it has occurred due to the efficient and extensive human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2.     

饲粮添加铜水平对育成期水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮铜添加水平对育成期水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响.选择(60±3)日龄健康雄性水貂80只,随机分成8组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只貂.8组水貂分别饲喂铜添加水平为0(Ⅰ组)、4(Ⅱ组)、8(Ⅲ组)、16(Ⅳ组)、32(V组)、64(Ⅵ组)、128(Ⅶ组)、256 mg/kg(Ⅷ组)的试验饲粮.预试期7d,正试期60 d.结果表明:Ⅴ组的末重和平均日增重极显著高于Ⅷ组(P＜0.01),而料重比则极显著低于Ⅷ组(P＜0.01).Ⅴ组的平均日采食量极显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅶ组(P＜0.01),显著高于Ⅲ组(P＜0.05).Ⅴ组的干物质采食量极显著高于Ⅷ组(P＜0.01).Ⅴ组的干物质消化率极显著高于Ⅵ组(P＜0.01),显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅷ组(P＜0.05).Ⅴ组的蛋白质消化率极显著高于Ⅷ组(P＜0.01),显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ组(P＜0.05).Ⅳ和Ⅴ组的脂肪消化率显著高于Ⅷ组(P＜0.05).Ⅴ组的食入氮极显著高于Ⅷ组(P＜0.01).Ⅴ组的氮沉积极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ和Ⅷ组(P＜0.01),显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅳ组(P＜0.05).Ⅴ组的净蛋白质利用率显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ和Ⅷ组(P＜0.05).Ⅴ组的蛋白质生物学价值极显著高于Ⅲ组(P＜0.01),显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅵ和Ⅷ组(P＜0.05).由此得出,饲粮铜添加水平为32 mg/kg(总铜水平为39 mg/kg)时,营养物质消化率、氮沉积、净蛋白质利用率及蛋白质生物学价值较为理想,且可获得较佳的生长性能.