微波真空干燥处理对铁棍山药多糖得率和干燥特性影响

研究微波真空干燥处理操作参数(微波功率、真空度和切片厚度)对铁棍山药多糖得率及其干燥特性的影响。以多糖得率为试验指标,采用3因素3水平正交试验,对铁棍山药的微波真空干燥工艺参数进行优化。试验结果表明,铁棍山药微波真空干燥过程中干燥阶段特征明显。所获取的铁棍山药多糖的最佳微波真空干燥操作参数为:微波功率1 200 W,真空度0.04 MPa,切片厚度8 mm。此工艺条件下铁棍山药多糖实测得率为10.01%。     

脱水芹菜叶加工工艺研究

以芹菜叶为原料,采用热烫护色及微波干燥工艺,分析了不同护色剂、物料厚度及微波加热时间对脱水芹菜叶品质的影响。结果表明,芹菜叶在1.0%食盐、0.80%CaCl2,10 mg/kg硫酸铜时热烫1 min护色效果最佳,物料厚度为0.5 cm下微波干燥15 min,脱水芹菜叶品质最佳。     

微波裂解稻壳制备活化炭的工艺研究

为了推动生物质产业链,进一步开发生物质能,从而充分有效地利用农林有机废弃物,通过微波裂解稻壳制得稻壳炭,用化学活化法制备高品质的活性炭。采用碱溶法(NaOH)除去稻壳炭中SiO2,固体碳通过化学活化法来制备高质量活性炭。选取活化剂质量比、浸渍时间、活化温度、活化时间4个因素,每个因素三水平,通过正交试验对最佳活化剂制备活性炭的工艺条件进行优化,提高稻壳的综合利用率。以碘吸附值为主要品质衡量指标。通过单因素和正交实验确定最佳活化工艺条件为以氢氧化钠作为活化剂,炭碱比为1:2,活化温度为700℃、活化时间为2 h,浸渍时间为24 h,稻壳活性炭的碘吸附值为965.22 mg/g,超过了净水用活性炭的国家二级品指标,而亚甲基蓝吸附值为148.50 mg/g,达到了净水用活性炭的国家一级品标准。     

大田环境下玉米抗旱相关性状QTL定位

干旱是世界范围内导致玉米产量损失的主要因素。为了阐明玉米抗旱性的遗传基础并定位相关的数量性状位点,利用抗旱自交系临1和敏感的湘97-7组配160个F2:3家系定位群体,于2011年在湖南省作物研究所和长沙县高桥镇,分别在大田干旱胁迫和正常水分条件下进行表型鉴定。所考察性状包括抽雄至吐丝间隔、株高、千粒重和产量,用抗旱系数来衡量抗旱性。结果表明,110个SSR标记构建连锁图,图谱总长1246.1 cM,标记间平均距离11.33 cM。抗旱相关性状定位的QTL介于8～14个,共检测到43个QTL。单个QTL解释的表型变异为6.27%～18.27%。不同水分条件下定位到的QTL大多数不相同,表明对干旱胁迫的适应存在不同机制。抗旱性相关性状定位到的QTL,除第2和10染色体外,在其它染色体上都有分布,主要集中在第1染色体1.02-03区域和1.06-07区域,以及第3染色体3.04-05区域。第1染色体标记umc2224和bnlg176区间同时检测到与株高、千粒重和产量有关的QTL簇;标记bnlg1556和umc1128区间检测到与抽雄至吐丝间隔和产量有关的QTL簇。第3染色体标记umc1773和umc1311区间同时检测到与株高、千粒重和产量有关的QTL簇。这些QTL簇可能有助于通过分子标记辅助选择的方法提高干旱地区玉米的抗旱性。     

小麦抗白粉病基因聚合体DH材料的分子标记鉴定

小麦白粉病是由Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici引起的世界性病害,利用分子标记辅助选择进行抗白粉病基因累加,可延长品种抗病性寿命,有利于提高育种效率。本研究利用Pm4b的STS-PCR标记,Pm13和PmV的SCAR-PCR标记,以及与Pm12共分离的同功酶标记（α-Amy-1）对来自小麦与玉米杂交产生的双单倍体材料的7个株系和9个穗系的4     

芦笋种质资源与育种技术研究进展

文章简述了近年来芦笋种质资源的引种情况,不同芦笋种质资源相关农艺性状以及在国内不同生态区的适应性研究。总结了芦笋主要育种技术,包括选择育种、杂交育种、多倍体育种、全雄育种和分子标记辅助育种等的研究成果及进展。笔者认为今后芦笋种质资源创新和育种技术研究工作可重点从2个方面寻求突破：（1）加强芦笋优良种质资源的引进和创新利用;（2）开展多元化育种,高效推进抗茎枯病、优质和高活性成分等优良新品种的选育。     

Alleles at a quantitative trait locus for stem solidness in wheat affect temporal patterns of pith expression and level of resistance to the wheat stem sawfly

The stem solidness trait in wheat has been the most effective mechanism for management of the wheat stem sawfly (WSS) for six decades. However, recent results have shown that in certain genotypes, the degree of stem solidness is not a useful indicator of WSS resistance. A morphological characterization of solidness expression indicated that in the genotype ‘Conan’, very solid pith undergoes rapid retraction during stem maturation, resulting in significantly less solidness at maturity. In other solid‐stemmed genotypes, including the standard WSS‐resistant cultivar ‘Choteau’, dense pith in the stem remains nearly unchanged throughout plant development. In cage trials, ‘Conan’ plants were less preferred for oviposition by the WSS when paired with ‘Choteau’ plants. Field bioassays using near‐isogenic lines differing for alleles at Qss.msub‐3BL showed that the Conan allele provides higher levels of early stem solidness and rapid pith retraction during stem maturation. These results suggest that the traditional approach for increasing WSS resistance by selecting for increasing stem solidness needs to be modified to consider temporal variations in pith expression associated with alleles at Qss.msub‐3BL.     

Validation of a male‐linked gene locus (OGI) for sex identification in persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) and its application in F1 progeny

It is crucial to develop a rapid technique for identifying sexuality in the seedling stage of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), and the elimination of male progeny has been regarded as an important strategy for enhancing breeding efficiency. In this study, phenotype characterization and genotyping of the male‐linked OGI marker were carried out using 205 accessions, including persimmon cultivars, F₁ progeny and nine related Diospyros species. All persimmon cultivars displayed consistent results regarding OGI amplification and sex phenotype. A total of 143 F₁ progeny were derived from 11 crosses, among which 95 individuals had flowered. In the flowering full‐sib families, the amplification of the OGI marker in agreement with the sex phenotype was obtained in 85 plants (89.5%). The segregation of OGI in ‘Huashi 1’ × ‘Luotian Tianshi’ and ‘Huashi 1’ × Male 3 F₁ populations fit a 1 : 1 ratio. Furthermore, high OGI transferability was observed in nine related species. Overall, the results indicated that the OGI locus could be used to distinguish male from female persimmon plants at an early stage.     

不同干燥方法下红枣蜜饯水分状态变化研究

基于低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)技术研究热风干燥与真空微波干燥下红枣蜜饯内部水分分布及干燥过程中水分迁移规律、水分状态及含量的变化,为其干制提供理论依据.结果表明:MRI图像可以清晰反映水分分布情况,枣中含有3种状态的水,分别是结合水、不易流动水和自由水,成熟鲜枣中94％以上的水都是自由水,红枣蜜饯热风干燥最初2 h自由水含量显著降低,干燥后期自由水向组织内迁移减弱,最终不易流动水含量增加至43.9％,自由水含量散失降至55.99％;红枣蜜饯真空微波干燥过程中自由水快速向不易流动水迁移,6 min时自由水含量为0,结合水含量降低,不易流动水含量高达99.94％,因此真空微波干燥较热风干燥具有时间短、效率高的优势.     

微波处理-气相色谱法测定洋葱中氟虫腈残留

通过优化微波处理和气相色谱分析条件,建立洋葱中氟虫腈残留的微波处理-气相色谱测定方法。针对目标物化学性质和干扰物情况,样品经微波处理后,用乙腈提取,进气相色谱测定,基质外标法进行定量分析。结果表明:洋葱基质中,氟虫腈在0.0005~0.05μg/mL范围内线性关系较好(R2=0.9982),方法检出限为0.0015 mg/kg;氟虫腈在0.002、0.020、0.050 mg/kg三个添加水平下加标回收率为77.5%~123.5%,相对标准偏差为3.12%~7.98%,符合食品安全国家标准GB 2763—2019中残留检测限量的要求。该法准确、快速、灵敏,对研究富含蒜氨酸的食品中氟虫腈的检测具有一定的应用和参考价值。