"蚕为龙精"蕴含中华农耕社会"集体意识"的阐释

杜尔克姆认为集体意识通过社会事实表现,是一个民族重要的心理现象,而且不会随着个体意愿的改变而消失。在神圣社会中,图腾和神话是构成原始社会成员集体意识的重要内涵。以"蚕为龙精"为切入点,通过对龙、蚕共有的时令特征、玉蚕图腾包含的礼治集体意识,以及"嫘祖始蚕"神话蕴含的王权思想集体意识的分析,阐释中华农耕社会中集体意识使蚕丝文化得以瓜瓞绵绵。     

影响非禽源外源病毒检验的主要因素

本文以《中华人民共和国兽药典》2015版三部非禽源外源病毒检验方法为依据,总结了检测过程中细胞状态、样品处理、接种与继代培养、荧光抗体检查等对外源病毒检验的影响,为企业提高外源病毒检验的准确度和检出率提供参考。     

饲料中添加白术多糖对林下养殖绿壳蛋鸡生产性能与蛋品质的影响

为研究饲料中添加白术多糖对林下养殖绿壳蛋鸡生产性能与蛋品质的影响,试验选用28周龄产蛋的东乡黑羽绿壳蛋鸡540只,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复60只,1组为对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加2.5%、5.0%白术多糖,预饲期7 d,试验期28 d。在试验期间,测定林下养殖绿壳蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质。结果表明:(1)试验3组产蛋率和平均蛋重分别较对照组提高7.33%、6.26%(P <0.05);试验3组料蛋比较对照组降低12.64%(P <0.05);试验2、3组的商品合格率、日产蛋量、日均采食量均高于1组,差异不显著(P> 0.05)。(2)试验3组蛋质量、哈夫单位、蛋壳厚度分别较对照组提高5.63%、3.02%、6.12%(P <0.05);试验2、3组的蛋形指数、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄比例均高于1组,差异不显著(P> 0.05)。综上所述,在基础饲料中添加5.0%白术多糖可以提高林下养殖绿壳蛋鸡生产性能与蛋品质。     

Establishment of an in vitro culture model to study milk production and the blood–milk barrier with bovine mammary epithelial cells

This study attempted to establish a culture model to recreate the milk production pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). BMECs were isolated from Holstein cows (nonlactating, nonpregnant, and parous) and were stored by cryopreservation. To separate the apical and basolateral compartments, BMECs were cultured on a cell culture insert with a collagen gel in the presence of bovine pituitary extract and dexamethasone to induce milk production and tight junction (TJ) formation. The culture model showed the secretion of the major milk components, such as β‐casein, lactose, and triglyceride, and formed less‐permeable TJs in BMECs. Moreover, the TJs were distinctly separated from the apical and basolateral membranes. Glucose transporter‐1, which transports glucose into the cytoplasm through the basolateral membrane, localized in the lateral membrane of BMECs. Toll‐like receptor‐4, which binds to lipopolysaccharide in the alveolar lumen in mastitis, localized in the apical membrane. Beta‐casein was mainly localized near the Golgi apparatus and the apical membrane. Moreover, milk components were almost secreted into the upper chamber of the cell culture insert. These findings indicate that this model has clear cell polarity as well as in vivo and is effective to study of milk production and the blood–milk barrier in lactating BMECs.     

猪精原干细胞体外分离培养及移植的研究进展

精原干细胞（spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs）位于睾丸曲细精管基底小室内,因其具有持续的自我更新能力和分化为精子的能力,被认为是雄性哺乳动物体内唯一能将自身遗传物质传递给后代的成体干细胞。对SSCs的研究已成为干细胞学科研究的热点之一,但目前SSCs的研究多集中于啮齿类动物,而猪SSCs（porcine SSCs,pSSCs）的研究进展相对落后,主要是由于存在以下几个问题：睾丸中pSSCs本身数量极少,且缺乏特异的分子标记;pSSCs的分离纯化技术仍不成熟;pSSCs体外培养体系仍不够完善。这些问题的存在导致pSSCs分离纯化效率低,并且难以在体外长期稳定培养及传代,以至于pSSCs的相关机理研究缺乏稳定的材料,为其体外研究及应用带来了不便。基于以上现状,文章总结了pSSCs体外分离培养及移植的研究进展,详细介绍了pSSCs的分子标记、分离纯化和体外培养的相关方法,以及pSSCs移植技术的研究现状,旨在为pSSCs研究提供参考,以期加快pSSCs在猪的遗传育种与繁殖领域以及男性生殖医学领域的研究和应用。     

池塘虾蟹生态养殖微孔管道增氧高产高效养殖试验

利用微孔管道增氧技术,进行池塘虾蟹生态养殖试验。结果表明,在16675m2池塘中收获河蟹2800kg,平均单产达112kg/667m2,平均效益达7500元/667m2。微孔管道增氧技术对虾蟹养殖增产增效作用明显。     

Salmonella enterica infections in Spanish swine fattening units

The present study is the first conducted in Spain to estimate the bacteriological herd prevalence of Salmonella enterica in fattening units and to describe the Salmonella serovar diversity on these farms using a sample representative of the entire swine population. For this purpose, 10 faecal samples were collected from 10 different pens containing pigs close to market weight in a total of 232 fattening units. Total sample size was proportionally distributed according to the fattener census in each of the regions of the country and all the samples were examined by culture of 25 g of faecal material. One hundred (43.1%) farms had at least one Salmonella-positive sample (95% CI: 37-49.1%). Salmonella enterica was detected in 290 (12.5%) pooled faecal floor samples (95% CI: 11.2-13.8%). The apparent herd prevalence of salmonellosis was similar among multi-site, finishing and farrow to finish farms. Overall, 24 different serovars were identified, with S. Typhimurium, S. Rissen and S. Derby being the most common both at herd and sample level. Results of phage typing were available for the 91 isolates of S. Typhimurium. A total number of 10 different phage types were identified, with DT 193 being the most frequent. Phage types DT 104, DT 104b and DT U302, which have been associated with several multi-resistant patterns, accounted for 23% and 29% of the Typhimurium total isolates or Typhimurium infected farms respectively.     

利用IVM/IVF技术生产试管犊牛的研究

本研究利用卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)、体外受精(IVF)技术,体外生产牛胚胎,以获得试管牛.结果表明:卵母细胞体外培养22～24h后,其成熟率为85％;体外受精率为83％.体外受精卵分别在颗粒细胞单层(GCM)和输卵管细胞单层(OCM)上培养,其胚胎最后产量(以授精时卵母细胞的数目为基数)分别为19％和29％,差异极显著(P<0.01).若体外受精卵先在GCM中培养72h后,再将已发生卵裂的(>4细胞)胚胎移到OCM中培养,其胚胎最后产量为35％.由此表明,早期胚胎在其发育过程中至少存在着3个发育相期,即1～8细胞、8～16细胞和16细胞～囊胚3个阶段,各阶段需要不同的培养环境.IVM/IVF胚胎移植到受体黄牛体内后,其足月时的妊娠率为15％.第一头试管犊牛已于1993年4月18日凌晨产出.     

猪雄性生殖干细胞的分离培养及鉴定

本试验旨在探索猪雄性生殖干细胞(mGSCs)体外分离、培养的适宜条件,建立猪雄性生殖干细胞体外培养体系。采用两步酶消化法对新生小猪睾丸生殖干细胞进行了体外分离和初步的培养鉴定,并利用层黏连蛋白和明胶的不同贴壁特性,比较2种差易贴壁分选方法的富集效果,并对传代后的干细胞培养1周后进行碱性磷酸酶染色鉴定,通过免疫荧光技术检测培养细胞是否表达干细胞标志蛋白OCT-4。试验结果表明,层黏连蛋白更适用于猪生殖干细胞的富集、培养,细胞分选效率及增殖生长明显优于采用明胶分选的方法。培养的mGSCs拥有与小鼠mGSCs相同的形态、增殖及表达特征。鉴定结果显示,生长细胞克隆碱性磷酸酶染色呈阳性,支持细胞碱性磷酸酶染色呈阴性;培养的生殖干细胞克隆表达转录蛋白OCT-4,而饲养层支持细胞OCT-4抗体染色则呈阴性。结果表明培养的干细胞克隆仍保持较好的干细胞活性,保持正常的自我复制和分化潜能,初步建立了生殖干细胞培养体系。     

柔嫩艾美球虫（Eimeria tenella）体外细胞培养

试验比较了玻璃珠层析法,ＤＥＡＥ纤维素层析法,Ｇ３漏斗过滤法３种提纯柔嫩艾美球虫（Ｅｉｍｅｒｉａｔｅｎｅｌｌａ）子孢子的方法,柱高８ｃｍ,直径２００μｍ的玻璃株柱用ｐＨ８．０的Ｒｉｎｇｅｒ’ｓ缓冲液作洗脱提纯子孢子,回收率为６４．１％,子孢子洗脱高峰期集中,且易于无菌操作,柱高５ｃｍ的ＤＥＡＥ纤维素柱用ｐＨ８．０的甘氨酸缓冲液作洗脱液,提纯子孢子回收率为６３．２％,但严格无菌操作困难,Ｇ３漏斗法易