基于时间序列的山区风向预测方法研究

为更好的预测山区风向,分别使用自回归滑动平均模型(Auto-Regressive Moving Average Model,ARMA)、极端梯度提升算法(eXtreme Gradient Boosting,XGBoost)和长短期记忆网络(Long Short Memory Network,LSTM)对山区4个气象站的风向时间观测序列进行预测,比较三种算法的优劣。针对风向独特的性质,结合传统气象学知识,探索了一种风向的预测方法：引入风速序列,将风速、风向拆分为U、V风,对其分别进行预测,进而将结果合成,使用设定的风向评分检验结果。对比结果表明：1)XGBoost获得了最高的评分;2)使用双时间序列预测风向相比单序列效果更好。     

浅谈大学生学习能力的培养

高校教师应把大学生学习能力的培养放在重要地位。本文从大学生“自我编程”能力、记忆能力、创新能力的培养三个方面，具体阐述了如何培养大学生的学习能力。     

大学生记忆策略使用调查报告

运用定量研究的方法，调查了大学二年级学生英语学习中记忆策略的使用情况和记忆策略使用与学习成绩的相关性。研究结果对英语教学有一定启示。     

A quantitative assessment of primary and secondary immune responses in cattle using a B cell ELISPOT assay

The aim of the study was to build a comprehensive picture of the appearance in the blood stream of Ag-specific plasma cells and memory B cells in the bovine model. For this purpose, we have developed a method allowing the detection and quantification of both cell types within individual calves immunised with ovalbumin. During the primary response, we detected a burst of ovalbumin-specific plasma cells at days 6 and 7 post-immunisation, which was followed by the production of specific Ab, whereas a gradual increase of memory B cells was only detected from day 15. As expected, a boost immunisation performed 7 weeks later induced a quicker and stronger secondary response. Indeed, a burst of plasma cells was detected in the blood at days 3 and 4, which was followed by a strong increase in Ab titres. Furthermore, a burst of memory B cells, and not a gradual increase, was detected at days 5 and 6 post-boost immunisation. Importantly, we showed a strong correlation between the anti-ovalbumin-specific IgG titres detected 5 months after secondary immunisation and the plasma cell numbers detected in the blood at the peak response after secondary immunisation. The detection and quantification of plasma cells following an mmunisation/vaccination strategy could constitute a very effective means for predicting the magnitude and longevity of an Ab response.     

Fast neutron irradiation deteriorates hippocampus-related memory ability in adult mice

Object recognition memory and contextual fear conditioning task performance in adult C57BL/6 mice exposed to cranial fast neutron irradiation (0.8 Gy) were examined to evaluate hippocampus-related behavioral dysfunction following acute exposure to relatively low doses of fast neutrons. In addition, hippocampal neurogenesis changes in adult murine brain after cranial irradiation were analyzed using the neurogenesis immunohistochemical markers Ki-67 and doublecortin (DCX). In the object recognition memory test and contextual fear conditioning, mice trained 1 and 7 days after irradiation displayed significant memory deficits compared to the sham-irradiated controls. The number of Ki-67- and DCX-positive cells decreased significantly 24 h post-irradiation. These results indicate that acute exposure of the adult mouse brain to a relatively low dose of fast neutrons interrupts hippocampal functions, including learning and memory, possibly by inhibiting neurogenesis.     

氟神经毒性的研究进展

氟中毒能够引起神经系统的损伤,针对氟的神经毒性作用,从各个方面阐述氟对脑组织的影响,包括神经细胞的形态结构、脂质过氧化、自由基、DNA损伤等。高氟可以降低人及动物的学习记忆能力,引起儿童智商低下,指出研究氟神经毒性的重要性。     

Visual and auditory cues facilitate cache pilferage of Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) under indoor conditions

In the struggle for survival, scatter‐hoarding rodents are known to cache food and pilfer the caches of others. The extent to which rodents utilize auditory/visual cues from conspecifics to improve cache‐pilfering is unknown. Here, Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) were allowed to search for caches of Corylus heterophylla seeds (man‐made caches and animal‐made caches) after experiencing cues from a conspecific's cache‐searching events. For each type of cache, 3 experimental scenarios were presented: (1) alone (control); (2) auditory/visual (hearing and seeing conspecific's cache‐searching events); and (3) auditory only (hearing conspecific's cache‐searching events only) with random orders. The subjects located man‐made caches faster, harvested more caches, and hoarded more seeds both in the auditory/visual and the auditory only treatments compared to the control, while scatter‐hoarding more seeds in the auditory/visual treatment but larder‐hoarding more seeds in the auditory only treatment. Compared to the control, the animals spent less time locating animal‐made caches, harvested more caches, ate fewer seeds, larder‐hoarded more seeds and hoarded more seeds in total both in the auditory/visual and the auditory only treatments, while eating more seeds and hoarded fewer seeds in total in the auditory only treatment than in the auditory/visual treatment. The results also show that females spent less time locating the animal‐made caches, but they scatter‐hoarded fewer seeds than males in the auditory/visual treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that visual and/or auditory cues of conspecifics improve cache‐pilfering and hoarding in rodents.     

远志茯苓醇提物改善学习记忆障碍的实验研究

目的通过观察中药远志茯苓醇提物对学习记忆障碍动物模型的影响,研究其改善学习记忆障碍的药理作用,并探讨其作用机制,为中药远志茯苓能够预防和治疗老年性痴呆即阿尔茨海默病提供可靠的依据.方法通过避暗法观察远志茯苓醇提物对东莨菪碱所致记忆获得性障碍模型小鼠的影响;通过跳台法观察远志茯苓醇提物对30%乙醇所致记忆再现障碍模型小鼠的影响;通过Morris水迷宫法观察远志茯苓醇提物对戊巴比妥钠所致空间方向辨别障碍模型小鼠的影响;应用放射免疫分析方法测定东莨菪碱所致记忆获得障碍模型小鼠血清和脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶的含量.结果远志茯苓醇提物能减少东莨菪碱所致记忆获得障碍模型小鼠5 min内学习及记忆实验的错误次数,延长潜伏期;能减少30%乙醇所致记忆再现障碍模型小鼠5 min内进入暗室内的次数（错误次数）,延长进入暗室的潜伏期;能缩短戊巴比妥钠所致空间方向辨别障碍模型小鼠在空间搜索实验中第一次到达原平台所在位置的时间,并增加穿越原平台的次数;能有效降低东莨菪碱所致记忆获得性障碍模型小鼠血清和脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶的含量.结论远志茯苓醇提物能改善多种化学药物所致学习记忆障碍模型小鼠的学习记忆能力,可能通过抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶合成,减少乙酰胆碱水解,提高血清和脑内乙酰胆碱水平而发挥改善学习记忆的作用.     

艰苦创业，改革发展，开拓创新，催人奋进的六十年¾¾庆祝中国科学院南京土壤研究所建所60周年

中国科学院南京土壤研究所成立60周年,土壤所的建设事业得到了很大的推进与发展,并在我国土壤学科建设及促进农业与生态环境可持续发展上作出了积极的贡献。本文回顾了土壤研究所分别在建所开创期(1953—1965年)、奠基推动期(1965—1983年)、改革发展期(1983—2000年)、开拓创新期(2001至今)4个时期取得的辉煌成就。在此基础上,高度总结出土壤研究所发展的核心、重要战略、根本动力、支撑保障、根本保证及存在问题。同时,深切缅怀了先辈们为中国土壤科学事业做出的重大贡献,以及前辈们艰苦创业、淡泊名利、潜心钻研、勇于创新、服务国家、造福人民、鞠躬尽瘁的崇高品质和严谨的学术作风。最后,希望全所同志瞄准国家需求和学科发展前沿,时刻把握研究所的发展机遇,认真实现土壤所“十二五”发展战略规划和“一三五”规划的目标,为我国土壤科学事业的发展彰显新的篇章。     

PrP~C蛋白对小鼠学习与记忆能力的影响

利用本实验室构建的C57BL/6背景下的PRNP基因敲除小鼠模型与C57BL/6野生型小鼠,通过避暗试验以及Morris水迷宫试验观察小鼠的行为。以此来研究PrPC蛋白的缺失对于小鼠学习与记忆能力影响,进而反映PrPC蛋白对于神经系统功能的影响。结果显示,PRNP敲除小鼠在避暗试验中对于电刺激的记忆比野生型小鼠强,且在第3天差异显著（P〈0.05）。在Morris水迷宫定位航行试验中,敲除鼠的逃避潜伏期明显长于野生小鼠,第3、5、6天差异显著（P〈0.05）。空间探索试验中,PRNP敲除鼠与野生小鼠相比较,首次穿越虚拟平台的时间以及穿越平台的次数差异并不显著。研究表明,PrPC蛋白缺失对于小鼠主动回避伤害的记忆能力有所提高,但是对于空间立体学习和记忆能力损害很大。