流冰对引水隧洞撞击破坏力学特性数值分析与验证

寒旱地区冬季寒冷,昼夜温差大,长距离输水工程在解冻期易形成流冰,不同尺寸的流冰对隧洞形成不同的挤压力或撞击力,甚至导致衬砌破损,工程失效。该文通过深入研究流冰与引水隧洞碰撞时的相互作用问题,并利用有限元接触-碰撞算法的对称罚函数算法,进行了流冰撞击引水隧洞衬砌的接触-碰撞算法的理论分析。应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,建立隧洞模型和流冰模型,选用LS-DYNA SOLVER求解器进行求解,分析流冰对隧洞的破坏程度;并通过物理模型试验采用几何比尺为C_l为28进行验证,揭示流冰对引水隧洞的撞击破坏机理。结果表明:流冰在不同流速、不同平面尺寸、不同厚度等工况下,流冰与隧洞衬砌碰撞时,隧洞衬砌表面会产生不同程度的变形和破坏;随着流速增大,撞击应力值也相应增大,两者呈线性关系;当流冰平面尺寸变化时,其撞击应力随着流冰平面尺寸的增大而增大,两者呈非线性关系;当流冰厚度增加时,流冰厚度小于0.5 m时,撞击力随着流冰厚度的增大而增大;其厚度超过0.5 m时,撞击应力值变化不大,其流冰平面尺寸和最大应力呈现近似线性关系。同时,通过软件模拟和试验观测得出的计算结果基本一致,流冰与隧洞衬砌碰撞时,隧洞衬砌表面会产生不同程度变形,变形对隧洞稳定性影响不大。但是,流冰冲刷会导致隧洞衬砌表面破碎,长期会影响结构的强度与稳定性。其结果可为寒旱地区冬季输水工程安全提供理论支撑和技术保障。     

单轨道山地果园运输机齿条齿形优选

为减小单轨道山地果园运输机能耗及提高运输效率,该文基于动力学理论建立了运输机驱动轮与轨道齿条啮合的动力学模型,并设计、加工制造了链轮齿形齿条、销轮齿形齿条、摆线齿形齿条。以运输机驱动轮旋转角速度、轨道坡度、齿条齿形为考察因素,以驱动轮与不同齿形齿条啮合时所需提供的驱动扭矩为评价指标,探究齿条齿形对单轨道山地果园运输机力学性能的影响,得到在相同条件下驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩最小,且波动幅度最小。在驱动轮转速为+88.08 rad/s、轨道坡度分别为+0?、+6?、+12?时,驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值较驱动轮与圆弧齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值分别减小33.82%,33.45%,21.59%;在驱动轮转速为-88.08 rad/s、轨道坡度分别为-0?、-6?、-12?时,驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值较驱动轮与圆弧齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值分别减小35.55%,27.24%,30.43%。试验结果表明,链轮齿形齿条综合性能最优,较圆弧齿形齿条更适宜用于单轨道山地果园运输机的轨道运输中。该研究为单轨道山地果园运输机轨道的结构优化设计提供了参考。     

Effects of Soil Characteristics on Spring-Harvested Switchgrass Biomass Composition

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a promising bioenergy crop for temperate regions. Overwintering has been used to improve biomass quality, resulting in a more efficient combustion, partially due to a reduction in minerals concentration. This study examines the effects of soil composition on overwintered switchgrass composition. Samples were collected in the spring from 58 environments in Southern Quebec to determine possible relationships between soil composition and biomass quality. Principal component analysis and stepwise regressions were used to identify relationships between soil and biomass compositions. Soil parameters monitored explained 74% of the variation in biomass silicon (Si) concentration, 45% of the variation in ash, and 32% of the variation in magnesium (Mg). Soil composition had limited effects on the concentration of other elements in switchgrass biomass. Switchgrass biomass quality is influenced by soil composition and appears well suited to biomass combustion when overwintered and harvested in the spring.     

Effect of Preharvest Sprays of Calcium on Cracking and ‘Schattenmorelle’ Sour Cherry Fruit Quality Harvested Mechanically

The aim of the study was to examine effect of preharvest sprays of calcium (Ca) in the form of Ca-chloride (CaCl₂), Ca-nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂], or a mixture of Ca-formate, Ca-acetate, CaCl₂, and Ca(NO₃)₂ on cracking and quality of ‘Schattenmorelle’ sour cherry fruit harvested mechanically. The experiment was conducted in 2008–2009 at a commercial orchard in central Poland. Mature trees grew on a coarse-textured soil poor in organic matter, at a spacing of 4.0 × 1.5 m. The spray treatments of Ca were performed at 7-day intervals, starting 28 days before harvest, at the rates of 5.0–5.6 kg Ca ha^?1 per season. The trees sprayed with water were treated as the control. Fruit were harvested mechanically when peduncle-fruit detachment force dropped below 3 N. The results showed that preharvest Ca sprays caused no leaf damage. This measure did not affect yield, mean fruit weight, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity of fruit, and weight loss of fruit during 24 h after harvest. Fruit sprayed with Ca had improved status of this nutrient, and were less liable to juicy leakage from the stem scar, rain-induced cracking, and preharvest decay caused by Glomerella cingulata. The above effects of Ca sprays did not depend on the tested material. It was concluded that preharvest sprays of Ca as CaCl₂ and/or Ca(NO₃)₂ should be recommended in ‘Schattenmorelle’ sour cherry orchards to reduce fruit losses resulting from rain-induced cracking, leakage of juice, and the incidence of cherry bitter rot.     

Effect of Conditioning Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate (ZnSHH) with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Neem Oil on Growth,Productivity, Zinc Biofortification of Grain and Zinc Uptake by Basmati Rice

Commercial grade zinc (Zn) sulfate hepta hydrate (ZnSHH) is the most widely used source of Zn in India and several other countries for amelioration of Zn deficiency in crops. However, it releases water of hydration at temperature above 30°C and forms lumps on storage, which make it difficult to handle it and apply in fields. Therefore, conditioning of ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil reduces the release of water of hydration and prevents lumps formation and can be well stored. Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during rice growing seasons (July-November) of 2009 and 2010 to study the effect of conditioning ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil on growth, productivity and Zn fortification of rice (Oryza sativa) grain and uptake by Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 3 replications comprised of 9 treatments of Zn fertilization. The present study shows that when conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil ZnSHH improved yield attributes, grain and straw yields, Zn uptake and partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE), and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn in Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. In general, ZnO was inferior to ZnSHH. Application of ZnSHH conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil can be a better source of Zn for transplanted puddled Basmati rice on Zn deficient soils.     

牧草根土复合体锯切力学模型和试验研究

通过分析切根刀工作时的受力状况,建立根土复合体锯切力学模型。在万能试验机上,用自制的锯式切根刀对白羊草构成的根土复合体进行锯切力学性能试验。分析结果表明:经回归拟合获得单位刀宽工作阻力的响应面数学模型,并与锯切力学模型进行比较,得到一常数,使得工作阻力可通过力学模型乘以该常数来计算;贯入深度与贯入阻力之间呈正比关系;切根刀在往复运动情况下,切根作业时上行和下行工作阻力存在差别,下行时的工作阻力大于上行工作阻力。     

我国甘蔗产业化现状浅析

从甘蔗自然属性、种植地域分布、品种、种植模式等农艺角度,以及甘蔗机械收获方式和甘蔗收获机械等农机角度,对我国甘蔗产业现状进行全面分析,指出甘蔗产业在我国糖业发展的重要地位,且甘蔗收获机械化是甘蔗机械化生产中最薄弱环节。针对我国目前甘蔗收获现状,对制约甘蔗机械收获的因素进行细致分析,并从农艺因素、农机因素、加工因素、环境因素和社会因素等5个方面进行归类提炼,对甘蔗收获机械化进行了展望。     

玉米流体穴播种子物理机械特性研究

玉米种子浸泡后进行流体播种是解决干旱半干旱缺水地区玉米播种存在的出苗难、缺苗断垄等问题及提高施水利用率的有效途径。但播前浸种的种子物理机械特性发生了很大变化,采用现有干种播种机无法播种。本文对不同浸泡时间的12种样品进行了研究,分析了玉米种子吸水膨胀后的尺寸、含水量、千粒重、容重、密度、摩擦角等物理机械特性以及抗破坏作用能力,找出了各参数随浸泡时间的变化规律和差异,确定了玉米种子合适的浸泡时间为16~24h,为流体播种等湿种播种机具的研究提供依据。     

花生分段收获机的应用现状及进展分析

花生分段收获机已在花生收获中发挥了重要作用,但许多人对其认识不强,没有体会到花生分段收获机在花生收获中的重要性,严重阻碍了花生分段收获机的推广。为了推广花生分段收获机,提高花生收获的效率,介绍了国内外花生分段收获机的应用现状,着重介绍了几种典型的花生分段收获机的特点及其相关参数,并分析了我国花生分段收获机存在的问题以及对未来的展望。     

液力机械传动车辆模糊换挡策略研究

为实现车辆换挡操纵的自动化，在车辆模型及其工作原理的基础上，确立了液力机械传动车辆换挡控制的原则。等于模糊理论，建立了由基本模糊换挡策略和模糊修正模块所组成的模糊换挡控制方案，并进而设计了模糊换挡策略。仿真结果表明了所设计的模糊换挡策略的可行性和有效性。