昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂取食对赤松生长的影响

依托昆嵛山森林生态定位观察站40块永久性样地,以昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂虫口密度代表为害程度,比较不同样地赤松2006—2008年的平均胸径生长量的差异,并比较了赤松枝条受到连年连续取食或分年度取食后的生长差异,从中评判昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂为害对赤松林分的局部与整体的影响。结果表明:遭受连年取食和分年度取食后的赤松,当年生枝条长度差异显著;同时,生长率差异也显著。根据赤松枝条在3 a受到的为害情况看,赤松枝条当年的生长不受当年昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂取食的影响,但受前一年取食影响:即当前一年虫口密度较大时,赤松当年生枝条的生长受到一定的抑制,反之则影响不大。腮扁叶蜂连续在前年和去年为害2年,会严重降低赤松当年生枝条生长量。通过比较2006年至2008年37块样地赤松胸径的增长量,赤松胸径在不同虫口密度为害下,增长量没有显著差异。这说明昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂为害对树木生长的影响是局部而非整体,在短期内仅从赤松枝条的生长上难以评判其对林分生长的影响。     

油松不同器官多酚氧化酶年变化规律的研究

本文对 2 0年生油松人工林不同器官不同时间多酚氧化酶的含量及活性进行了研究 ,结果表明 :不同器官中多酚氧化酶的含量和活力差异明显。油松体内多酚氧化酶的年变化规律 ,各器官不完全相同 ,但总的来说一年中有两个高峰较明显 ,这进一步证明了多酚氧化酶与林木的生长及抗性有一定关系     

甘肃华山松溃疡病病原真菌类群的初步鉴定

近年来甘肃陇南地区华山松溃疡病发生严重,导致华山松大面积死亡,但有关病害发生的原因等尚不清楚。采用组织分离法从感病华山松的健康部位、病健交界处、子实体及病组织处分离获得97个真菌菌株,结合形态学及系统学对分离到的菌株进行初步分析。结果显示,所得菌株分为9个种,其中Neocosmospora silvicola占14.17%,Fusicolla violacea占1.67%,Microcera sp.占8.33%,Neonectria neomacrospora占11.67%,Dermea pinicola占8.33%,Nematogonum ferrugineum占9.17%,Pezicula sporulosa占4.17%,Phaeoacremonium fraxinopennsylvanicum占14.17%,Sarea resinae占9.17%。以丛赤壳科为优势菌群,占总菌株数量的44.33%;初步推断Neocosmospora silvicola为疑似病原菌。     

日照对安康飞播油松成苗效果的影响

在安康降水量和温度与飞播油松成苗效果关系研究的基础上,采用相关分析法和逐步回归模型法,分析安康日照时数与飞播油松成苗效果的关系及时域动态,并通过与降水量和温度研究结果对比分析,探讨林地水热条件对飞播油松成苗效果协同作用。结果表明,成苗效果与年日照时数和年均温呈正相关,与年降水量呈负相关;与12月日照和均温呈显著或极显著正相关,与12月降水量负相关极显著;与3月降水量正相关极显著;与4月日照和均温正相关极显著;与5月日照呈显著负相关,与降水量呈极显著正相关;与6月降水量负相关极显著;与7月日照负相关显著;与9月和11月日照正相关极显著,与10月日照正相关显著;与秋季月均温正相关极显著,与月降水量负相关极显著。9月和7月日照是影响成苗效果的主要日照因子,4月、11月、3月和5月均温对成苗效果作用较大,12月、2月和11月降水量是影响成苗效果和对照有苗样方频度的主要降水指标,12月、4月、11月、8月、1月和2月降水量与多效抗旱驱鼠剂(RPA)有苗样方频度依次相关。在安康林地水热条件下,RPA成苗效果模型值大于对照,证明使用RPA拌种可以有效提高飞播造林油松成苗量和有苗样方频度。     

生态景观林群落结构定量分析

采用标准样地调查法,分别对浙江淳安、金华和东阳等地生态景观林的群落结构进行调查,将30个样地划分为阔叶林、针阔混交林、马尾松Pinus massoniana林、杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林等4种生态景观林类型。结果表明:针阔混交林与阔叶林均具有较丰富的物种组成,且均匀度较高。杉木林物种数量明显偏少,林分密度大,达到3 967株.hm-2,针阔混交林、阔叶林和马尾松林林分密度则比较接近。马尾松林和针阔混交林垂直结构良好,空间层次分化清晰,阔叶林灌木层高度较大,层次一般,杉木林灌草层植被稀疏,层次性较差。从分布格局来看,主要呈均匀分布和聚集分布,针叶林以均匀分布为多,阔叶林则以聚集分布为多。图4表3参18     

云南切梢小蠹的室内饲养及隐蔽期生活习性的观察方法

云南切梢小蠹(Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall and Faccoli)是云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Franchet)的主要害虫之一[1],该虫于20世纪80年代首次在滇中地区大面积危害,以后蔓延至云南省15个州(市)65个县,迄今已导致6万多公顷云南松林死亡[2-5].2008年以前,该虫曾经长期被认为是纵坑切梢小蠹(Tomicus piniperda L.)[1].与大多数小蠹相似,云南切梢小蠹钻蛀在树皮与边材之间,终生潜伏生活,只有新成虫羽化后的短暂时间飞离树身,在林中活动、觅食、交配,另筑坑道入侵新寄主[6-7].     

华北半干旱区土壤养分和植被特征的小尺度空间异质性研究

A field experiment was conducted at Kezuohouqi County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, which was located on the southeastern edge of the Horqin Sandy Land, to study the spatial variability of soil nutrients for a small-scale, nutrient-poor, sandy site in a semi-arid region of northern China; to investigate whether or not there were ＂islands of fertility＂ at the experimental site; and to determine the key nutrient elements that sustained ecosystem stability. Results obtained from geostatistical analysis indicated that the spatial distribution pattern of soil total nitrogen （STN） was far different from those of soil organic matter （SOM）, total phosphorus （STP）, and total potassium （STK）. Compared to SOM, STP, and STK, STN had a lower structural heterogeneity ratio and a longer range, while other elements were all similar. In addition, STN had an isotropic spatial structure, whereas the others had an anisotropic spatial structure. The spatial structure patterns of herbage species, cover, and height also differed, indicating that spatial variability was subjected to different ecological factors. Differences in the spatial variability patterns among soil nutrients and vegetation properties showed that soil nutrients for a small-scale were not the primary limiting factors that influenced herbage spatial distribution patterns. Incorporating spatial distribution patterns of tree species, namely, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. and shrub Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. in a research plot and using fractal dimension, SOM, STP, and STK were shown to contribute to the ＂islands of fertility＂ phenomenon, however STN was not, possibly meaning that nitrogen was a key limiting element. Therefore, during restoration of similar ecosystems more attention should be given to soil nitrogen.     

松材线虫对马尾松不同地理种源酚类物质的影响

对接种松材线虫后衡阳和广西2个地理种源马尾松的多酚氧化酶活性、总酚含量以及绿原酸含量的动态变化进行了研究。结果表明:接种后,随着接种时间的推移,马尾松体内多酚氧化酶活性呈现增高趋势,在抗病种源中酶活性的变化程度和速度大于敏感种源;同时,与敏感种源相比,抗病种源总酚和绿原酸含量在积累水平上要高,并且也能在较长时间内维持较高浓度。因此,马尾松针叶中多酚氧化酶活性及酚类物质变化差异与松材线虫病抗性具有密切关系。     

Bioavailability of zinc and lead from a contaminated soil amended with pine bark-goat manure compost

The distribution in soil and plant uptake of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) as influenced by pine bark-goat manure (PBG) compost additions were investigated from the soils artificially contaminated with Zn or Pb ions using maize (Zea mays L.) as a test crop. Soils were amended with four rates of pine bark-goat manure compost (0, 50, 100, and 200 tons ha^?1) and four rates (0, 300, 600 and 1200 mg kg^?1) of Zn or Pb. Maize was planted and grown for 42 days. At harvest, plants samples were analyzed for Zn and Pb concentration. Soils samples were analyzed for pH, extractable and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn and Pb. Extractable Zn and Pb was lower in PBG compost amended soils than in unamended soils and steadily declined with increasing amount of compost applied. The extractable fraction for Zn dropped by 62.2, 65.0 and 44.6% for 300, 600 and 1200 mg Zn kg^?1, respectively when 200 t ha^?1 of PBG compost was applied. Metal uptake by maize plants were directly related to the rate of applied heavy metal ions with greater concentrations of metals ions found where metal ions were added to non-amended soils.     

模拟城市SO2污染对晚松生理特性的影响

以2年生晚松盆栽苗为供试材料,从抗大气环境中SO₂污染方面对晚松的抗逆能力进行了定量评价,为晚松的园林应用提供理论依据。研究表明,晚松叶绿素a、b对模拟SO₂污染反应敏感,叶绿素b所受伤害大于叶绿素a,类胡萝卜素较不敏感。过氧化物酶活性的提高有助于减轻膜脂过氧化造成的伤害,从而使其在SO₂污染胁迫较轻(10 mmol/L)时免受伤害。