寒冷地区封闭式猪舍与传统猪舍投资效益比较与分析

通过对现代化封闭式猪舍与传统的开敞式猪舍在基建投资、生产工艺与指标、经济效益诸方面的对比与分析,得出了在我国寒冷地区兴建现代化封闭式猪舍,是养猪业实现高产、优质、高效的基本条件。     

林业机械驱动桥壳的可靠性设计

目前，林业机械正向高作业效率、高机动性能、高生产能力和优良的可靠性目标的方向发展。可见应该大力推广建立在概率统计理论基础上的可靠性设计方法，摒弃旧的安全系数的概念和相应的估计方法，这样不仅能解决过去用传统设计方法所不能处理的一些问题，而且能有效地增强...     

Feed intake and oral behaviour of dairy calves housed individually or in groups in warm or cold buildings

The influence of environmental temperature, housing, social company and age on the feed intake and oral behaviours was studied by housing male dairy calves for seven weeks individually (INDIV) or 12 weeks in groups of four; indoors (INGROUP) or outdoors either with (OUTWARM) or without a heated shelter (OUTCOLD). During the milk-feeding period (1–7 experimental weeks), the mean daily milk, hay and total dry matter intakes of INDIV calves were lower than of INGROUP calves (P < 0.05). No differences in the feed intake between OUTWARM, OUTCOLD or INGROUP were found. Nor was found any differences in the feed efficiency (growth kg^− 1 DM) between the treatments. After weaning off milk, during experimental weeks 8 to 11, the total dry matter intake of INGROUP tended to be greater than that of OUTWARM (P = 0.05). There were no other differences in the mean daily feed intakes, nor in the feed efficiency. During the milk-feeding period, INGROUP calves ate more often concentrates (P = 0.05) and ruminated more (P = 0.01) than INDIV calves. During the 12-week experiment, INGROUP calves licked themselves more often than OUTCOLD calves (P = 0.04) and tended to lick more often than OUTWARM calves (P = 0.08). INGROUP calves licked more often penmates or structures and bit more often structures than OUTWARM or OUTCOLD calves (P < 0.05 for all). Overall, with a decreasing temperature, the calves in outside groups spent less time performing oral behaviours. We conclude that group rearing may facilitate calves to start eating and ruminating earlier than individual housing. The effect of low temperatures on the time spent eating solid foods is discussed in relation to housing design.     

Effects of light intensity and beak trimming on preventing aggression in laying hens

This study aimed to investigate the effects of decreased light intensity and beak trimming on aggression prevention in laying hens. In total, 181 White Leghorns were used. At 17 weeks of age, 36 birds were allocated to battery cages (three birds/cage), 36 birds to furnished cages (four birds/cage), and 109 birds were transferred to an aviary. Since aggression increased in the birds from 23 weeks of age (from 0.3% to 6.0%) especially in the furnished cages, , the light intensity during the daytime was decreased to about one‐tenth (from 680 lux to 70 lux) at 28 weeks of age. The birds in the furnished cages then had their beaks re‐trimmed lightly by using a debeaker at 29 weeks of age. Behavioral observations using scanning techniques at 10 min intervals were conducted. Feed intake, bodyweight and feather score were also measured. There was no significant difference in aggression before and after decreasing the light in all three housing systems. On the other hand, the proportion of birds showing aggression decreased significantly just after trimming and four weeks after beak trimming in the furnished cages (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The aggression also became similar to the proportions observed in the battery cages and in the aviary. In proportion to the decreased aggression, the proportion of birds eating significantly decreased (P < 0.05). However, their feed intake and bodyweight did not decrease significantly. Against this decreased aggression, the proportion of birds preening significantly increased (P < 0.05). Aggression was observed more frequently at the dust bath in the furnished cages and at the litter floor in the aviary (both P < 0.001). The total feather score for all body parts in the birds in furnished cages increased significantly (P < 0.01) from 25 to 29 weeks of age (at beak trimming), but did not increase significantly from 29 to 33 weeks of age. The increments of neck, breast and tail feather scores in the furnished cages were smaller. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in aggression between just before and after decreasing the light in any housing system. However, aggression in the furnished cages was reduced not only by decreasing the light intensity, but by additional beak trimming. Aggravation of feather conditions – especially at the neck, breast and back – was prevented by the treatment.     

最终传动箱体工艺及模具设计

介绍了如何对最终传动箱体零件进行铸造工艺分析,确定铸造工艺方案,合理地选择分型面、分芯面、收缩率、机械加工余量等工艺参数,同时对浇注系统运用大孔出流理论进行了计算,最终使该铸件满足机械加工要求,获得了合格的零件。     

Success and failure: The role of relative humidity levels and environmental management in liveEimeria vaccination of cage-reared replacement layer pullets

Contrary to the traditional view that layer flocks housed in conventional cages are unlikely to suffer coccidiosis caused byEimeria species, this enteric disease has become an emergent issue. Coccidiosis outbreaks in layers are frequently associated with the failure to develop protective immunity at a young age. Layer hens housed in cages are usually sourced from replacement layer pullets housed in similar cages in the rearing barn. Live coccidiosis vaccines administered to young chicks provide a small dose of vaccine oocysts that infect and replicate within the vaccinated birds, resulting in the release of progeny oocysts into the rearing environment; these oocysts must become infective (i.e., sporulate) and then reinfect the partially immune birds in order for the vaccine to generate complete protective immunity. Three factors are needed for successful oocyst sporulation: temperature (4 to 37°C; optimal 29°C), oxygen access, and adequate RH. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of protective immunity elicited by birds spray-vaccinated with a live coccidiosis vaccine at the hatchery. During the critical period for oocyst sporulation and cycling, RH levels decreased to 13 to 19%, resulting in inadequate oocyst cycling and minimal protection against homologous challenge at 6 and 12 wk of age. This vaccination failure highlights the need to monitor RH in the barn and modify the barn environment so that conditions promote, rather than impede, the success of live coccidiosis vaccines.     

基于动力学仿真的后桥壳改进设计计算

某越野车后桥改型后进行台架试验,其桥壳发生了断裂.为了解决此问题,应用ADAMS仿真软件,建立了后悬架动力学模型.然后采用后轮道路载荷谱作为输入载荷,再进行仿真分析,得到了最大峰值载荷时各连接点处的载荷.采用有限元方法对该车后桥壳结构强度、刚度进行计算分析,发现了桥壳断裂的原因,并对其进行了改进设计.改进设计后的后桥壳经台架试验再无断裂现象.     

舍饲条件下猪只福利的实现与设施配套

舍饲饲养是目前养猪业中广泛采用的一种工艺模式，虽然它具有占地少、便于饲养管理、可实现一定程度的环境调控等优点，但由于舍饲条件下环境相对贫瘠，猪只的福利较难得到保障。该文重点讨论了国内外生猪舍饲条件下相关因素与猪只福利之间的关系，分析了舍饲环境下因福利问题而带来的一些不利影响。根据目前国内外现有的研究结果，指出我国应加强舍饲条件下的猪只福利问题研究的必要性，并就改善舍饲条件下猪只福利的措施及相关配套设备进行了论述，为我国养猪业持续健康的发展、增强我国养猪业的国际竞争力提供了一些思路。     

利用地下水对猪舍地板局部降温效果研究

躺卧区温度高低对猪只的躺卧行为有直接影响.利用地下水,为农村简易开放式猪舍的躺卧区地板设计了一套局部降温系统.试验结果表明,躺卧区无降温系统时,其地板温度与舍外气温接近;采用该降温系统后,在室外气温为27～34℃时,躺卧区地板温度基本维持在22～26℃之间,基本满足了猪只躺卧的要求.躺卧区地板温度低于26℃时,85%以上的猪选择躺卧区躺卧;温度为30～32℃时,只有10%～20%的猪仍选择躺卧区躺卧;超过33℃后,所有的猪都不在躺卧区休息.     

Discussion about the Characteristics of the Main Factors Influencing the Monthly Payment of Housing Mortgage Loan

By extending the period of housing mortgage loan, the burden of monthly payment of housing buyers, the interest rate risk of monthly payment and of total interest payment increase.In this paper, the main factors influencing the monthly payment and its characteristics are analyzed.It is pointed out that the housing buyers should weigh up whether to lighten the burden of monthly payment or to increase interest rate risk while choosing the loan amounts and load period.