南方早熟砂梨缺镁黄叶症诊断与矫治

通过对福建省德化县早熟砂梨“黄叶病株”及“正常植株”叶片及土壤的营养诊断分析：黄叶病株叶片平均含镁量0.131%,极显著低于正常植株0.328%;黄叶症较重的果园土壤交换态镁含量低12.6～24.5㎎/㎏及土壤酸性强pH3.6～4.5,诊断结论砂梨叶片黄化现象为镁素缺乏所致。矫治试验效果,叶面喷施1%硝酸镁3次,可以叶色转绿;12月份土壤基施钙镁磷肥株1.3 kg,翌年5月份后有明显矫治效果。     

The concentration of ionized magnesium in serum during the periparturient period of non-paretic dairy cows

Ion-selective electrodes have recently been designed for determining the ionized concentration of magnesium (Mg²⁺) in serum. This development may allow new insights into some metabolic diseases of cattle. For this report, the concentrations of Mg²⁺, total magnesium (Mg_tot), ionized calcium (Ca²⁺), total calcium (Ca_tot), and inorganic phosphate (P_i) were determined in sera from seventeen 3-to 16-year-old Brown Swiss and crossed Simmental/Red Holstein cows during the periparturient period. In each animal, a transient increase of Mg²⁺ and Mg_tot serum concentrations was observed in association with the transient decrease in serum concentrations of Ca²⁺, Ca_tot and P_i after parturition. On average, throughout the study, the serum Mg²⁺ concentrations were 68.5% of those of Mg_tot, whereas the serum Ca²⁺ concentrations were 52% of those of Ca_tot. The possible mechanisms involved in the transient increase of Mg²⁺ and Mg_tot serum concentrations are discussed.Abbreviations Ca²⁺ ionized calcium - Ca_tot total calcium - Mg²⁺ ionized magnesium - Mg_tot total magnesium - P_i inorganic phosphate - PTH parathyroid hormone - PTHrP parathyroid homrone related protein     

Effect of dietary calcium level and source on mineral utilisation by piglets fed diets containing exogenous phytase

Calcium and phosphorus are essential minerals, closely linked in digestive processes and metabolism. With widespread use of low P diets containing exogenous phytase, the optimal dietary Ca level was verified. The 40‐day study evaluated the effects of Ca level (4, 7 and 10 g/kg diet) and Ca source (Ca from CaCO₃ and from Lithothamnium calcareum) on mineral utilisation in 72 piglets (7.9 ± 1.0 kg BW) fed an exogenous phytase containing diet with 2.9 g digestible P/kg. Measured parameters were growth performance, stomach mineral solubility, bone breaking strength and urinary, serum and bone mineral concentration. The apparent total tract digestibility of minerals was also assessed in the two diets with 7 g Ca/kg, using 12 additional pigs. Regardless of Ca source, increasing dietary Ca impaired feed conversion ratio, increased urinary pH, increased serum and urinary Ca, decreased serum and urinary P, decreased serum Mg and increased urinary Mg, increased serum AP activity, decreased bone Mg increased bone Zn. Bone breaking strength was improved with 7 compared to 4 g Ca/kg. Compared to CaCO₃, Ca from Lithothamnium calcareum increased serum Mg and with, 10 g Ca/kg, it limited body weight gain. The dose response of Ca in a diet with 2.9 g digestible P/kg and including exogenous phytase indicated that: (i) a low dietary Ca was beneficial for piglet growth, but was limiting the metabolic use of P; (ii) a high dietary Ca level impaired P utilisation; (iii) the optimal P utilisation and bone breaking strength was obtained with a dietary Ca‐to‐digestible P ratio of 2.1 to 2.4:1; (iv). Increasing dietary Ca reduced Mg utilisation, but not Zn status, when fed at adequate level. Finally, Ca from Lithothamnium calcareum had similar effects on Ca and P metabolism as CaCO₃, but impaired growth when fed at the highest inclusion level.     

吡啶羧酸铬和天冬氨酸镁对猪肉品质的影响

选择48头体重接近(86.0±5.1)kg的杜长大肥育阉公猪,研究天冬氨酸镁和吡啶羧酸铬对猪宰前应激肉品质的影响。试验猪分为4组,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组为试验组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头,采食玉米-豆粕型日粮(DE,13.18MJ/kg;CP,14.6%)。Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮+1.0%天冬氨酸镁(MgAsp);Ⅲ组饲喂基础日粮+0.3mg/kg吡啶羧酸铬(Crpi);Ⅳ组饲喂基础日粮+1.0%MgAsp+0.3mg/kgCrpi。每头猪每日饲喂2.8kg上述试验日粮,7d后运到屠宰场。结果表明,日粮中补充吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁、吡啶羧酸铬+天冬氨酸镁均降低了血清中皮质醇含量,减缓了屠宰前的应激反应;给宰前的育肥猪补充吡啶羧酸铬、吡啶羧酸铬+天冬氨酸镁均可降低宰后糖原分解(P0.05),补充天冬氨酸镁也有降低宰后糖原分解的趋势。补充吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁及吡啶羧酸铬+天冬氨酸镁均可显著降低宰后短时间内猪背最长肌和股二头肌乳酸含量(P0.05);日粮中补充吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁及吡啶羧酸铬+天冬氨酸镁均可极显著(P0.01)降低背最长肌和股二头肌pH和滴水损失,分别降低PSE肉发生率75.1%、49.8%和75.1%(P0.05),而对系水力无显著影响(P0.05));复合添加吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁组猪的滴水损失、背最长肌和股二头肌色值都显著低于单独添加吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁组,这说明吡啶羧酸铬、天冬氨酸镁在改善肉质指标方面具有一定的加性效应,二者同时添加效果最好。     

Effects of pre‐partum milking of dairy cows on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving

This experiment studied the effect of pre‐partal milk removal on calcium metabolism at start of milking and at calving. Nine cows of the Swedish Red breed were milked for 1–7 days pre‐partum. The average milk yield at the first milking was 4.8 l, and the average yield the last day prior to calving was 13.4 l. Five cows were used as control cows and were only milked post‐partum. Samples of plasma and urine were taken to determine the effect of pre‐partum milking and calving on levels of calcium, magnesium, parathyroid hormone and plasma C‐terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type 1‐collagen (CTx), used as a marker of bone resorption. Pre‐partum milking resulted in a decrease in plasma calcium that was evident 2 days after the first milking. Parathyroid hormone increased at the same time, and CTx started to increase from 24 h after the first milking. There were no effects on plasma magnesium or urinary output of calcium or magnesium. The first week after calving, there were no differences between pre‐partum milked cows and control cows in plasma or urine variables, or in milk yield. In conclusion, pre‐partum milking activated the calcium‐restoring mechanisms but did not improve calcium status at calving.     

镁钾配施对寒地水稻产量的影响

[目的]研究镁钾配施对寒地水稻(Oryza sativa L.)产量的影响,以确定适宜的镁钾配比量。[方法]以空育131为材料,按照随机区组设计,研究镁肥、钾肥对水稻产量的影响,并探明镁肥、钾肥最佳施用比例。[结果]在高中低施钾区,按照七水硫酸镁与氧化钾1∶1(钾肥165.0 kg/hm2,镁肥100.5 kg/hm2)或者1∶2(钾肥276.0 kg/hm2,镁肥100.5 kg/hm2)的重量比配施,能够在水稻关键生育时期合理增加水稻叶片氮含量;按照七水硫酸镁与氧化钾1∶2的重量比配施,能够保持群体叶面积指数趋于合理,不发生早衰和贪青现象;按照七水硫酸镁配施比例与氧化钾2∶1(钾肥165.0 kg/hm2,镁肥201.0 kg/hm2)的重量比配施,能够通过增加穗数和结实率提高产量,产量为9 660 kg/hm2。[结论]该研究对于保持土壤养分平衡,进一步增加水稻产量和改善稻米品质,促进水稻产业可持续发展具有深远意义。     

硫酸钾镁肥在马铃薯上的肥效试验研究

进行硫酸钾镁肥在马铃薯上的肥效试验研究,结果表明:磷酸二铵450 kg/hm2+尿素75 kg/hm2+硫酸钾镁肥300 kg/hm2的处理马铃薯产量最高,磷酸二铵450 kg/hm2+尿素75 kg/hm2+硫酸钾镁肥225 kg/hm2的处理施肥投入成本较低,经济效益最佳。     

The estimation of losses of potassium and magnesium from chalky soils in southern England: laboratory studies

Abstract. Ten chalk topsoils (0-25 cm) were repacked into columns in the laboratory. After leaching similar to one year's throughflow in the field, loss of K was equivalent to between 9 and 74kg K/ha. This represented between 3 and 30% of the initial exchangeable K with which loss was poorly correlated. Loss was dependant on the soil solution concentration and was inversely proportional to potassium buffer power.
The loss of magnesium in the same columns was between 10 and 22 kg Mg/ha (6-21% of the initial exchangeable Mg). Magnesium loss was poorly correlated with exchangeable Mg.
When KCl fertilizer was incorporated into the soils, the increase in leaching of potassium was 1–35% of the K addition. Application to the top of the column resulted in less leaching than when the K was incorporated. Leaching of magnesium was increased by up to 5 kg Mg/ha.
Potassium leaching may be delayed by the underlying A/C horizon but pure chalk, with an extremely low buffer power for K, has little ability to retain K. Extremely calcareous topsoils were the most leaky although in practice it is the organic chalk soils on which it is most difficult to attain adequate K levels. On all chalk soils, maintenance of a high K level with K fertilizer is likely to cause unnecessary long-term leaching losses. Annual, rather than biennial, fertilizer applications are to be preferred.