From research measurements to application: Bridging the gap; Overview of practical and scientific measurements in nutrition

Research that advances the practice of poultry nutrition covers a wide range, including fundamental studies that explore mechanisms in cells or a small number of birds and applied research that determines product yield in authentic production facilities. Ultimately, the applied research informs the economic analysis necessary for implementation of novel nutritional strategies or products. Nutritional controversies arise from applied research experiments that were not designed and interpreted based on the realities learned from mechanistic work. The experimental design and measurements selected for comparing nutrient sources or setting nutrient recommendations should be informed by underlying mechanistic information, such as the relative priorities of cells and tissues for the nutrient and the shape of the dose response relationship across a wide range of added dietary levels of the nutrient. Integrating mechanistic and applied research provides more robust results that can be used across wider ranges of diets and husbandry conditions.     

核苷酸对动物摄食、生长与免疫功能的影响

饲料中的核苷酸对动物生长发育和免疫功能等具有重要作用。核苷酸作为一种无毒无害无残留的新型饲料添加剂,在动物营养方面有很大的发展前途。近年来国内外学者对核苷酸的研究逐渐增多。本文从促生长、诱食和改善免疫功能等方面对核苷酸在动物营养方面的应用做一综述。     

Effects of different diets on viability, and gut morphology and bacteriology in captive willow ptarmigan chicks (Lagopus L. lagopus)

Young willow ptarmigan chicks were fed an artificial chick diet (ACD), and different supplements. One group got ascorbic acid supplements, another neomycin and Oxytetracyclin in the water, and a third was given ascorbic acid and sprouts of Vaccinium myrtillus. Chicks that were fed ACD only, showed low weight gain and high mortality rate. The numbers of bacteria in the gut were high and the incidence of villous epithelium erosion and bacteria colonizing the gut epithelium were high.Admixture of ascorbic acid to the diet improved the viability of the chicks and reduced the number of coliforms in the gut.Antibiotics in the water reduced the number of C. perfringens, enterococci and coliforms in the gut, and improved the gut epithelium conditions.Combined supplements of ascorbic acid and Vaccinium myrtillus resulted in strongly viable chicks with healthy gut epithelium. C. perfringens was not demonstrated in the gut, and the numbers of enterococci and coliforms were low.     

Evaluating Sugarcane Diets for Dairy Cows Using a Digestion Model

To eliminate unnecessary feeding trials, a mechanistic model of sugarcane digestion was used in the search for suitable supplements to improve milk production. Milk production simulated by the model was compared with data observed in four feeding trials published in the tropical literature where crossbred dairy cows were fed sugarcane/urea diets with different types of supplements. The predicted effects of the supplements on the ruminal microbial population, concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids were also compared with the published results in one experiment. The model indicated the nutrient most limiting milk production for the different feeding situations. The addtion of Leucaena to the basal sugarcane/urea improved the availability of amino acids and long-chain fatty acids, with energy becoming the limiting factor. Supplementation with rice bran increased the availability of energy and long-chain fatty acids, but amino acids then became the limiting factor. Supplementation with both Leucaena and rice bran further improved the milk yield, but availability of energy now limited milk production. Supplementation with Leucaena increased milk production more than supplementation with king grass. The main reason for this increase was increased amino acid absorption due to increased microbial outflow. In all feeding situations, the average difference between the predicted milk production and that observed experimentally was 0.57 kg/d (ranging from 0.08 to 1 kg/d).     

Preliminary Epidemiological and Clinical Observations on Shimao Zheng (Fleece-Eating) in Goats and Sheep

Veterinary Research Communications -     

钾镁配施对杨梅品质和矿质营养的影响

为提升杨梅产量及品质,分析了钾镁不同配施比例对杨梅果实品质及营养元素的变化特点。结果显示,株施单钾肥1.0 kg,可显著提高杨梅果实单果重、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及Vc含量,分别比对照组提高17.43%、11.48%、13.23%及19.96%,果实中矿质养分钾、磷、铁含量显著提高;株施单镁肥0.3 kg,可显著提高杨梅果实单果重、可溶性固形物、总糖及Vc含量,分别比对照组提高13.24%、9.60%、10.89%及15.70%;株施镁钾混合配施比例为0.2/0.75 kg时,可显著提高杨梅果实产量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及硬度,果实中钾、铁含量显著提高。本研究可为提升杨梅品质的配方施肥技术方案提供依据。     

不同柑桔品种裂果及其成因研究

摘要：目的：柑桔裂果是生产中常见的一种生理性病害,严重影响果实的商品价值,因此弄清不同柑桔品种裂果的差异及成因对提高柑桔品质、减少产量损失尤为重要。材料与方法：本研究对纽荷尔脐橙、朋娜脐橙、白柳脐橙、清家脐橙、塔罗科血橙、兴津温州蜜柑、清见桔橙、不知火桔橙、485-28、32-1（其中485-28、32-1为柑研所新品系）10个品种进行裂果数目调查,并与气象资料、树体叶片营养状况和果实品质进行相关性分析。结果与分析：结果表明,不同品种间裂果率差异极大,清见未见裂果,而 485-28 的累计裂果率达到 78.72%。甜橙类品种裂果率与果皮厚度呈显著负相关。雨量分布不均是导致果实裂果的原因之一。研究发现柑桔叶片钾含量与裂果率呈显著负相关,结果枝与营养枝的钙含量与果实裂果率相关性不明显,但二者间的差值与裂果率呈显著负相关,这可能与 Ca的调运能力有关,具体原因有待进一步研究。结论：因此,生产上应选择裂果率较低的品种,合理灌溉,适当增施钾和钙肥,以降低果实裂果率。     

反刍动物肽营养研究进展

本文综述了反刍动物肽的吸收特点及影响因素,肽的吸收代谢机制,肽对瘤胃微生物的调控及对反刍动物生产性能发挥的作用,以及饲料蛋白源活性肽的开发应用。     

毛皮质量的营养调控

影响毛皮质量的因素很多,如品种、性别、年龄、生理状况、饲料营养、饲养管理、加工过程等。本文从饲料营养水平、添加剂的使用等角度论述营养与毛皮品质的关系。     

Effect of a short-term infusion with soybean oil-based lipid emulsion on phagocytic responses of canine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes

Background: The use of soybean oil-based lipid emulsion (SO-based LE) in parenteral nutrition has been reported to impair neutrophil functions in humans and rodents. As yet, little is understood about the effects of SO-based LE on canine immune responses.
Hypothesis: A short-term infusion with SO-based LE affects the phagocytic responses of canine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs).
Animals: Twenty-four healthy Beagle dogs.
Methods: Experimental study. Dogs were randomly assigned into groups of six and administered a 2-hour IV infusion with 0.9% NaCl solution or sufficient SO-based LE (INTRALIPOS 20%) to supply 40, 100, and 200% of the basal energy requirement (BER). PMN functions were determined after collecting blood samples before, immediately after, and 24 hours after the infusion.
Results: None of the treatments significantly affected the phagocytic capacity of PMNs or circulating leukocyte numbers. The infusion providing 200% of BERs significantly reduced PMN oxidative burst activity, filamentous actin polymerization, and Cdc42 Rho guanosine triphosphatase activity immediately after its delivery. However, these functions were restored to pre-infusion values 24 hours after the infusion. The lower calorie infusions did not have these effects.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results suggest that short-term infusions with a supraphysiological dose of SO-based LE may decrease the immune functions of canine PMNs. However, more long-term studies will be needed to extrapolate the effect of SO-based LE with clinically relevant doses in a practical situation.