施钙与覆膜栽培对缺钙红壤花生Mg、Fe、Zn吸收,积累及分配的影响

为探究施钙与覆膜栽培对花生植株Mg、Fe、Zn营养改善状况,以大籽品种湘花2008和南方典型第四纪红土发育的缺钙酸性红壤为试验材料,设置3个基施钙肥梯度[不施钙(Ca0)、施钙375 kg·hm^-2(Ca375)、施钙750 kg·hm^-2(Ca750)]和2种栽培方式[露地(OF)、覆膜栽培(PF)],采用土柱栽培,研究施钙与覆膜栽培对植株Mg、Fe、Zn含量,积累及籽仁分配系数的影响。结果表明,增施钙肥明显提高了花生茎秆、根系、果针、籽仁中Mg和Fe含量,其中,Ca750-OF处理较Ca0-OF分别提高19.2%、10.4%、38.6%、3.1%和21.5%、30.9%、27.5%、20.0%,但显著降低了叶、茎秆、果壳及籽仁中Zn含量。覆膜栽培提高了茎秆、果针、籽仁Mg含量及果壳、籽仁Zn含量,较露地栽培分别提高10.8%、12.2%,但降低了花生叶、茎秆、根系Fe和Zn含量。施钙与覆膜栽培增加了花生植株、生殖体(针壳、籽仁)Mg积累量、籽仁Mg分配系数。施钙实现花生整个植株体Fe积累量的富集,其籽仁Fe分配系数显著提高68.8%,而覆膜栽培籽仁Fe和Zn积累量显著高于露地栽培。增施钙肥降低了花生营养体Zn积累量,显著提高了籽仁Zn积累量及籽仁Zn分配系数,提高效果表现为Ca750>Ca375。年份、施钙处理、栽培措施三者间对籽仁积累量及分配系数存在正交互作用。植株Ca积累量与Mg、Fe积累量呈极显著正相关,存在协同吸收关系。综上,施钙与覆膜栽培促进了土壤活化,有利于花生植株中Mg、Fe的吸收,加快Mg、Fe、Zn向籽仁的富集,进一步扩大“库容”。本研究结果为南方酸性缺钙红壤旱地改良及花生高产高效栽培提供了理论依据。     

Liming and Manganese Foliar Levels in Orange

ABSTRACT

Citrus cultures have a fundamental importance to the Brazilian economy; certain aspects such as plant nutrition, yield, and fruit quality are vital for the citrus industry sustainability. The present study evaluated the nutritional status of manganese in adult Pear orange trees using different lime rates topically applied to the soil. The direct evaluation of lime rates effects on leaf manganese (Mn) levels revealed a decrease of the nutrient correlated to its increased, as well as passage of time between application and measurement. Foliar sampling 30 months after surface lime application evidenced a high correlation of foliar manganese levels with soil base saturation of 10–20 cm. Leaf manganese levels which showed a great probability of high productivity were between 33 and 70 mg kg^?1.     

杂交肉牛不同年龄,营养水平的肥育效果研究

利用利木赞与本地牛杂交一代7～8月龄公犊12头，10～11月龄公牛12头，供给日增重0．9千克，1．2千克和1．5千克营养水平的日粮，经120天肥育，结果表明：7～8月龄和10～11月龄高营养水平组平均日增重分别为1．274±0．06千克和1．340±0．15千克；7～8月龄组对不同营养水平敏感，各组间差异极显著（P＜0．01）；产肉性能以高营养水平组最好，屠宰率62．4％，净肉率52．98％，眼肌面积91平方厘米。     

动物营养学研究方法进展

综述了动物营养学研究方法的发展历程,即由传统动物营养学向系统动物营养学的发展,以及各学科在动物营养研究方法中的应用。     

Total and available tryptophan requirement of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,fingerlings

The dietary total and available requirement of tryptophan of Nile tilapia fingerlings was determined using linear regression analysis. Six hundred fish (3.4 ± 0.0 g) were fed diets containing 296.4 g/kg of crude protein and 14.1 MJ/kg of digestible energy. Five extruded diets containing 2.5, 3.0, 3.4, 3.8 and 4.2 g/kg of total tryptophan were evaluated. Fish were fed four times a day during 45 days. Final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and net protein utilization of fish fed Trp 3.4 and Trp 3.8 diets were improved compared to fish fed Trp 2.5 and Trp 4.2 diets. No significant differences in survival rate, whole‐body moisture and ash were observed. Whole‐body amino acid profile of fish fed different diets did not differ statistically (p > .05). Fish fed Trp 3.0 and Trp 3.4 diets showed higher tryptophan retention compared to fish fed Trp 2.5 and Trp 4.2 diets. Excepting blood glucose, no effects of dietary tryptophan on haematological parameters were observed. The dietary total tryptophan requirement of Nile tilapia fingerlings based on weight gain was estimated to be 3.4 g/kg (11.0 g/kg of dietary crude protein) or 3.0 g/kg of available tryptophan (11.0 g/kg of dietary digestible protein).     

锰在家禽营养中的研究进展

锰是动物必须的一种微量元素,在畜牧生产中起着重要的作用,在家禽中表现更为突出。锰是许多酶的重要组成成分、激活剂,与骨骼发育、造血及生殖功能密切相关,并参与碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪等代谢。锰的缺乏和过量都会对家禽机体产生很大影响。文章论述了锰的分布、代谢、生物学特性及在家禽生产中的应用。     

调亏灌溉和氮处理对小桐子生长及水分利用的影响

为了研究阶段水分亏缺(亏水+不亏水W_LW_H、不亏水+亏水W_HW_L、亏水+亏水W_LW_L、不亏水+不亏水W_HW_H)和不同施氮量(N_Z:0,N_L:0.2 g/kg,N_H:0.4 g/kg)对小桐子生长、生理指标和灌溉水利用效率的影响,通过盆栽试验,发现W_LW_H的生长和灌溉水利用效率均显著高于W_HW_L;作物的灌溉水利用效率随施氮量的增大而呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在N_L水平下达到最大值;与高水高氮的处理N_HW_HW_H相比,中水低氮处理N_LW_LW_H节约灌溉水27%,节约氮肥使用量50%,小桐子株高减少31%、总干物质量减少35%,灌溉水利用效率减少13%,但茎粗增加13%,根冠比增加20%.可见小桐子在第一阶段处理(40~90 d)幼树期对水分的需求量较小,适度的亏缺灌溉可提高灌溉水利用效率;小桐子在第二阶段处理(90~140 d)处于旺长期,对水分的需求量较大,增大灌水量可大幅度促进小桐子生长及其干物质量的积累.全生育期实施亏缺灌溉,可提高小桐子自身适应外界环境能力,抗干旱胁迫能力也逐渐增强,但W_LW_L水平下的小桐子生长缓慢.经综合分析,认为处理N_LW_LW_H可作为干旱地区条件下的小桐子灌溉和施氮制度.     

Effects of plane of nutrition on growth,feed intake,digestibility and nitrogen balance in Murrah graded male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves in Nepal

An experiment was conducted using 17 male buffalo calves to assess the effects of plane of nutrition on dry matter intake (DMI), daily gain (DG), body size measurement, apparent digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance. To attain 250 kg BW, the calves were allocated into three groups: H, L‐H and L, receiving the concentrate at 1.50% of BW, 0.75% of BW until 190 kg BW and 1.50% thereafter and 0.75% of BW, respectively. The animals had ad libitum access to urea‐treated rice straw (UTRS). The DMI of UTRS through the experiment was higher in L and L‐H than H, showing 3.52, 2.90 and 2.62 kg/day, respectively (P < 0.01), but the total DMI did not differ among the treatment groups. The DG throughout the experiment was high in the order of H, L‐H and L, showing 0.72, 0.57 and 0.45 kg, respectively (P < 0.01). The digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fiber and N retention were higher in H than in L (P < 0.05). The findings of this study thus revealed the greater DG has an advantage of shortening the growing period around 3 months, and consequently increasing benefit in fattening of buffalo calves in Nepal.     

不同钝化剂对铅锌矿区周边农田镉铅污染钝化修复研究

采用大田试验和盆栽试验,研究了海泡石(S)、石灰(L)、腐植酸(H)、生物炭(B)和钙镁磷肥(P)对云南某铅锌矿区周边玉米农田的修复效果,并采用BCR形态分级试验研究土壤钝化前后重金属形态的变化。结果表明:石灰和海泡石可显著提高土壤pH。钝化处理可显著降低DTPA提取态Cd、Pb含量,盆栽试验中,生物炭45 t·hm~(-2)处理对Cd钝化效率可达45.3%,石灰2.25 t·hm~(-2)处理对Pb钝化效率可达60.6%;大田试验中,钙镁磷肥3 t·hm~(-2)处理对Cd最高钝化效率可达48.3%,石灰4.5 t·hm~(-2)处理对Pb钝化效率可达25.3%。石灰、海泡石和生物炭对重金属形态变化影响显著,可促进重金属由高活性形态向低活性形态转换。钝化处理可显著降低玉米籽粒中Cd、Pb含量,生物炭22.5 t·hm~(-2)处理下,Cd最大降幅85%,作物达到食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2012,Cd≤0.1 mg·kg-1),石灰4.5 t·hm~(-2)处理下,Pb最大降幅59.6%,但未达到食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2012,Pb≤0.2 mg·kg-1)。部分钝化剂可以起到增产的作用,腐植酸22.5 t·hm~(-2)处理下可增产29.1%。综合分析不同钝化剂及其施用量的效果可知,海泡石和石灰是对该矿区周边Cd、Pb污染农田修复效果最佳的钝化剂,最佳施用量分别为海泡石45 t·hm~(-2)和石灰2.25 t·hm~(-2)。     

Use of Agro‐industrial Organic Compound: Yield and Nutrient Absorption in Wheat

Abstract

This study, focusing on the cultivation of wheat, consisted of applying an organic compound to the soil for a period of 2 years. The organic compound was made from a mixture of organic residues from a jelly industry (bovine chips and sharings) and other residues from a sugar‐alcohol industry. The mixture was applied at random into the intergrowth lines in a top‐dressing process, without incorporation, and in cumulative increasing doses. In the first year, the applications ranged from 2 to 25 t ha; in the second year, the applications ranged from 8 to 75, in wheat plants. Comparing the results of the chemical treatment to the organic application, it was observed that the organic compound increased the yield of wheat during the 2 years. Furthermore, the organic compound did not contaminate the plants, such as in the absorption of nutrients by the grains, once they have presented normal patterns of nutrient concentrations.