单层柱面正交异型网壳的非线性动力稳定全过程分析

单层网壳的稳定性能是该种结构设计的主要控制因素,动力稳定是单层网壳稳定性能的主要组成部分。该文利用非线性有限元理论,对单层柱面正交网壳在地震荷载作用下的动力稳定全过程进行了分析。在数值分析过程中,利用比例法调整地震作用的峰值加速度,采用B-R准则判定结构的动力稳定临界荷载。通过分析对单层柱面正交网壳的动力屈曲前后过程有了一个较为全面的了解。     

基于MODIS TVDI和模糊数学方法的藏北地区旱情等级遥感监测

为了实现对藏北区域范围内春夏旱情的动态连续监测,基于温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)和模糊数学方法建立了遥感干旱的划分标准,研究时段为1980-2017年。首先利用MODIS产品数据计算TVDI,然后根据气象干旱等级监测结果,采用模糊数学法建立基于MODIS TVDI的干旱等级划分标准,并对监测结果进行精度验证,最后分析了近年来藏北地区旱情的时空变化特征。得到的主要结论:①基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)和增强植被指数(EVI)计算得到的温度植被干旱指数TVDIN和TVDIE,均与20 cm实测土壤水分含量在0.05的水平达到显著相关,TVDIE的决定系数更高;②基于TVDIE将旱情划分为无旱、轻旱、中旱、重旱、特旱5个等级,其中,据此标准获得的藏北地区旱情等级与气象干旱等级监测结果大体一致;③近年来藏北地区旱情整体不太严重,且总体趋缓,其中,2009年最严重,发生中旱及以上旱情的区域面积达24%,年内旱情在6月最严重。就旱情的空间分布特征而言,研究区西南部和中部干旱比较严重,北部和东南部相对较轻。研究成果可为藏北地区干旱监测提供数据支撑,遥感干旱等级的划分方法可为其他地区的干旱研究提供参考。     

Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco‐friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top‐carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical‐based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push‐pull strategy could be a promising approach to ‘push’ hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and ‘pull’ them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology‐based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

我国云南、湖北和山东葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性检测

为明确我国云南省宾川县、湖北省公安县和山东省烟台市葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性发生态势,采用叶盘漂浮法测定了这3个产区共127株葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性频率及抗性水平。结果显示,不同区域间病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均存在差异。其中,湖北省公安县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较高,抗性频率达92.0%,高抗菌株占76.0%,低抗菌株占16.0%,敏感菌株占8.0%;山东省烟台市霜霉病菌的抗性频率为74.0%,低抗菌株占64.0%,高抗菌株占10.0%,敏感菌株占26.0%;云南省宾川县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较低,抗性频率为29.6%,敏感菌株占70.4%,低抗菌株占29.6%,无高抗菌株。     

浑善达克沙地飞播区不同恢复阶段植物群落结构动态变化

为研究浑善达克沙地飞播区不同恢复阶段植物群落结构动态变化,揭示飞播后浑善达克沙地植被恢复的特点和变化规律,于2013—2017年在浑善达克沙地11个飞播区进行了植被调查试验,并从功能型角度出发,结合对应分析、关联度分析以及Mann-Kendall趋势分析等数据分析方法探讨了飞播区植被恢复的阶段性以及各功能型植物在群落中的地位和作用。结果显示:浑善达克沙地飞播区19 a恢复时间共分为3个恢复阶段,且飞播后,伴随恢复时间的推移,乔木、灌木半灌木、多年生杂类草、一/二年生杂类草、多年生豆科牧草、多年生禾草、一/二年生禾草7个功能型植物间的相互依赖程度逐渐减弱;随着恢复年限的增加,群落的稳定性逐渐增大。不同恢复阶段,植被恢复的主导功能型并不唯一,可在不同阶段进行适时管理,从而使植物群落的演替阶段和整体发展趋势更有利于退化沙地的植被恢复与重建。     

华山松大小蠹2个甲羟戊酸路径基因的克隆与表达

香叶基二磷酸合酶/法尼基焦磷酸（G/FPPS）和异戊二烯焦磷酸异构酶（IDI）是单萜和倍半萜生物合成途径分支点的关键酶。通过克隆华山松大小蠹DaG/FPPS和DaIDI基因的全长序列,预测基因和编码蛋白的性质、结构和功能,并对序列特征和不同发育时期（幼虫、蛹、初羽化期成虫和扩散期成虫）以及不同组织（头、前中肠、后中肠、后肠和剩余躯体）DaG/FPPS和DaIDI表达的研究,旨在揭示DaG/FPPS和DaIDI在华山松大小蠹信息化学物质合成中的分子调控机制。采用RT-PCR和RACE克隆华山松大小蠹DaG/FPPS和DaIDI基因,DNAStar、Blast、ExpasyProtscale、SignalP 4.1、PSORT和TargetP等多种生物信息学方法对基因全长cDNA序列、基本理化性质、系统进化关系、信号肽和蛋白亚细胞定位等进行分析。用Real-time PCR检测DaG/FPPS和DaIDI在华山松大小蠹不同发育时期和不同组织中的表达。结果表明,克隆获得华山松大小蠹香叶基二磷酸合酶/法尼基焦磷酸DaG/FPPS和异戊二烯焦磷酸异构酶DaIDI全长cDNA序列,分别命名为DaG/FPPS和DaIDI,DaG/FPPS编码的氨基酸序列与山松大小蠹DpF/GPPS相似度最高达95%,氨基酸序列含有一个RALS 四肽基序、7 个异戊烯基转移酶保守区（Ⅰ-Ⅶ）和2个典型的DD**D的天冬氨酸富含区;DaIDI编码的氨基酸序列与山松大小蠹IDI相似度最高,达到92%。Expasy Protscale结果表明DaG/FPPS蛋白疏水性氨基酸明显多于亲水性氨基酸,推测其为疏水性蛋白,而DaIDI蛋白亲水性氨基酸数量大于疏水性氨基酸,故推测DaIDI为亲水性蛋白,有较好的水溶性。信号肽预测结果表明,DaG/FPPS和DaIDI均不含信号肽,TargetP结果表明,DaG/FPPS和DaIDI蛋白含线粒体靶向肽,结合PSORT结果推测DaG/FPPS和DaIDI均定位于线粒体。华山松大小蠹DaG/FPPS和DaIDI在不同发育时期和不同组织中均有表达,其中完全羽化期与扩散期成虫保持一致,该阶段表达量最高,不同组织中前中肠表达量最高。     

陕西关中地区猕猴桃溃疡病菌对CuSO4的抗性评价

为明确陕西省猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病菌（Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae,Psa）对CuSO₄的抗性水平及与copA和copB基因表达量的相关性,使用最小抑菌浓度法（MIC）对分离自陕西省关中地区的84株Psa菌株对于CuSO₄的抗性进行检测。在此基础上,使用实时荧光定量PCR方法,对3株不同抗性水平Psa菌株的基因copA和copB与抗铜性的关系进行了分析。结果表明,供试的84株Psa菌株MIC分布在3.75~6.25 mmol·L^-1范围内;不同地区来源的菌株对CuSO₄的抗性表现出明显的差异,其中分离自周至的Psa菌株的抗铜水平明显高于眉县。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,不同浓度CuSO₄条件诱导下,3株不同抗性水平的菌株抗铜基因copA和copB表达水平与CuSO₄浓度成正相关,且菌株的抗性水平越高,基因copA和copB相对表达水平亦越高。陕西省关中地区的Psa菌株对CuSO₄表现出较高的抗性水平,且不同地区的Psa菌株的抗性表现出明显差异;copA和copB基因参与了Psa菌株对铜离子的适应性反应。     

液下泵内部非定常流动及噪声特性

为研究液下泵内部流动的非定常特性及噪声规律,通过采用计算流体动力学软件ANSYS CFX15.0与LMS Virtual.lab声学仿真软件相结合的一种间接混合计算方法,对液下泵内部流场及其声场进行求解.在该计算方法中,对流场进行求解得到监测点的非定常压力脉动,从而获得非稳态的压力脉动频域特性规律;基于声学边界元法,对液下泵蜗壳偶极子内场噪声和叶片偶极子内场噪声进行求解,获得了边界元表面的声压级分布以及典型场点的声压频率曲线.计算结果表明:叶片扫掠过程中与蜗壳隔舌的相互作用产生较大的压力脉动,隔舌附近的噪声是流动噪声的主要噪声源;声压级在叶片通过频率及其谐频时达到极大值,随频率的增大,声压级极大值都呈现衰减状态.研究结果可为液下泵的后续降噪分析提供一定的理论基础.     

山东省小麦田大穗看麦娘抗性水平、靶标抗性机理及田间防除效果测定

【背景】大穗看麦娘（Alopecurus myosuroides）是我国大陆近几年新发展蔓延的一种恶性禾本科杂草,目前已在山东、河南、河北、安徽等省有分布,且分布面积不断扩大。【目的】明确山东省冬小麦田大穗看麦娘对常用除草剂的抗性水平及部分种群产生抗性的机理,并评价不同除草剂对其田间防除效果,为制定小麦田大穗看麦娘防控技术规程提供理论依据。【方法】室内采用整株生物测定法测定9个大穗看麦娘种群对乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）抑制剂除草剂啶磺草胺、甲基二磺隆以及乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC）抑制剂除草剂唑啉草酯、炔草酯、精噁唑禾草灵共5种除草剂的抗性水平,并对产生抗性的种群进行靶标基因检测,同时分别在冬前和冬后开展田间试验,评价不同除草剂对大穗看麦娘的田间防除效果。【结果】室内测定结果表明,种群8（JN2）对啶磺草胺和甲基二磺隆产生明显抗性,相对抗性指数分别达到47.32、15.97,靶标基因检测显示,该种群内植株ALS基因编码的第197位点氨基酸发生由脯氨酸（CCC）到苏氨酸（ACC）的突变;所有种群对唑啉草酯、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵均表现敏感。田间试验结果表明,冬前使用除草剂对大穗看麦娘的防除效果优于冬后使用除草剂的效果,冬前唑啉草酯对大穗看麦娘鲜重防效为98.6%,而冬后处理为89.1%;冬前使用啶磺草胺、甲基二磺隆对大穗看麦娘的株防效和鲜重防效在72.2%—89.3%,冬后使用则为68.6%—83.2%;唑啉草酯、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵对大穗看麦娘均表现出很好的防除效果,冬前使用的株防效和鲜重防效均在96.2%以上,冬后使用在82.6%—92.2%。【结论】供试的9个大穗看麦娘种群中,发现1个种群对甲基二磺隆、啶磺草胺产生较高抗性,但未发现对唑啉草酯等产生抗性的种群,室内试验和田间试验结果具有一致性。