大豆对大豆胞囊线虫侵染的应答机制研究

大豆胞囊线虫病(Heterodera glycines,soybean cyst nematode,SCN)是大豆生产上的重要病害,其特点为危害重、分布广、难防治,每年对大豆生产造成极大的损失。种植大豆抗性新品种是防治SCN目前最为有效的措施,研究大豆对SCN侵染的应答机制,是培育大豆持久抗病品种的前提,对加快抗线虫品种选育及SCN的防控具有重要的意义。本文综述了大豆对SCN侵染的组织细胞学应答机制;介绍了大豆在SCN侵染后酶系变化及酚类代谢的生理生化应答机制;从分子水平阐明了SCN侵染后大豆的基因转录变化,差异蛋白及DNA甲基化的应答机制,以期为大豆胞囊线虫病害的进一步研究与防治提供参考。     

施氮水平对7S亚基缺失大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮的影响

为有效推广功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品种,以7S亚基缺失大豆品系东富2号为研究对象,设置4种施氮水平(纯N),N0(0 mg·kg~(-1))、N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))、N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))、N3(75 mg·kg~(-1)),采用桶栽法研究大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮对不同施氮水平的响应。结果表明:N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根系干重加大,根冠比增大,根瘤固氮潜力高,单株产量较高。N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根长、根表面积、根体积在生育后期增长较快,根系干重较大,根冠比低,固氮酶活性最高,单株籽粒产量最高。N3(75 mg·kg~(-1))水平下植株干重较大,无效生长较多,根瘤数少,固氮潜力和根冠比低,单株产量不高。综合籽粒产量和根系特性指标,功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品系东富2号的适宜施肥量为25~50 mg·kg~(-1)。     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

追施不同形态氮肥对不同钾效率基因型棉花生长及产量品质的影响

【目的】探讨高、低供钾水平下,追施氮肥形态对棉花生长、钾素吸收利用以及产量、品质的影响。【方法】选择钾高效棉花品种辽棉18、冀棉958和钾低效棉花品种新棉99B为材料,进行营养钵培养试验,设置38.01mg·kg~(-1)和152.24 mg·kg~(-1)两个供钾水平,追施铵态氮肥(硫酸铵)和硝态氮肥(硝酸钙)两种形态氮素肥料。【结果】供钾不足会降低棉花果枝始节和单株成铃数,高钾处理棉花干物质积累量、钾累积量、钾利用指数以及产量显著高于低钾处理;与追施硝态氮肥相比,追施铵态氮肥会降低棉株高度、果枝数和单株成铃数,减少籽棉产量和总干物质积累量;追施铵态氮肥处理棉花对钾素的吸收和利用显著低于追施硝态氮肥处理。【结论】钾低效基因型品种棉花在钾素供应不足时对追施铵态氮肥更敏感,且棉花成熟越晚受到追施肥料氮素形态影响越大。     

黑龙江省农村居民消费水平与消费结构分析

为深入了解黑龙江农村居民消费率持续走低的原因,挖掘农村居民消费潜力,基于黑龙江2000—2012年时间序列数据,运用统计分析方法,对黑龙江农村居民的消费水平、消费结构及其变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:城乡居民收入和消费差距均很大,农村居民内部收入差距较大,但消费差距不大,虽然消费倾向高,但购买力较弱,仍以生存型消费为主,消费受政策影响明显。最后结合黑龙江的实际情况提出了积极深化和扩展各种惠农、利农政策和拓宽农村居民的收入渠道等建议。     

村庄空心化背景下的农村居民点空间布局重构研究

农村居民点空间布局重构对于指导区域农村居民点整理规划、实现土地可持续发展具有重要意义。笔者以黑龙江省明水县明水镇为研究区,通过计算研究区空心化程度、农村居民点整理的重要性指数、迫切性指数、整理时序指数,对农村居民点的整理时序进行划分,提出农村居民点的整理迁移方案。研究结果表明:研究区各村屯农村居民点空心化现象明显,向阳村张奎英屯空心化率最高;在空心化趋势预测结果中,规划近期城北村空心化增强趋势变化最明显,规划中期互助村空心化增强趋势变化最明显,规划远期向阳村空心化增强趋势变化最明显;在农村居民点整理时序上,保留农居点占总数的35.29%,近期整理农居点占总数的9.8%,中期整理农居点占总数的23.53%,远期整理农居点占总数的31.37%。最后提出合理的整理迁移方案,研究成果为指导县域农村居民点整理规划提供参考和科学依据。     

城镇街道绿化景观设计初探

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,与此相应地对城镇街道绿化景观也提出了越来越高的要求。城镇街道绿化景观不仅是城市生态景观的重要组成部分之一,更是一个城市改善居民居住环境的重要途径。它不仅改善了城市环境,美化了城市形象,更能够彰显城市的文化内涵,对整个城市宜居水平产生着极其重要的影响。没有良好的城镇街道绿化景观,就没有良好的城市生态环境。基于此,试图就城镇街道绿化景观设计展开初步探讨研究,以供参考借鉴。     

Modelling soil erodibility in mountain rangelands of southern Kyrgyzstan

Soil erosion in mountain rangelands in Kyrgyzstan is an emerging problem due to vegetation loss caused by overgrazing. It is further exacerbated by mountain terrain and high precipitation values in Fergana range in the south of Kyrgyzstan. The main objective of this study was to map soil erodibility in the mountainous rangelands of Kyrgyzstan. The results of this effort are expected to contribute to the development of soil erodibility modelling approaches for mountainous areas. In this study, we mapped soil erodibility at two sites, both representing grazing rangelands in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan and having potentially different levels of grazing pressure. We collected a total of 232 soil samples evenly distributed in geographical space and feature space. Then we analyzed the samples in laboratory for grain size distribution and calculated soil erodibility values from these data using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) K-factor formula. After that, we derived different terrain indices and ratios of frequency bands from ASTER GDEM and LANDSAT images to use as auxiliary data because they are among the main soil forming factors and widely used for prediction of various soil properties. Soil erodibility was significantly correlated with channel network base level (geographically extrapolated altitude of water channels), remotely sensed indices of short-wave infrared spectral bands, exposition, and slope degree. We applied multiple regression analysis to predict soil erodibility from spatially explicit terrain and remotely sensed indices. The final soil erodibility model was developed using the spatially explicit predictors and the regression equation and then improved by adding the residuals. The spatial resolution of the model was 30 m, and the estimated mean adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.47. The two sites indicated different estimated and predicted means of soil erodibility values (0.035 and 0.039) with a 0.05 significance level, which is attributed mainly to the considerable difference in elevation.     

甘蓝型油菜发育进程中赤霉素动态变化及其与产量的关系

【目的】中国甘蓝型油菜品系与欧洲甘蓝型油菜品系存在较大的遗传差异,二者组配的杂种F1产量优势明显。测定不同来源的甘蓝型油菜发育进程中GA的动态变化,研究GA含量与亲本及杂种F1产量的关系,分析亲本及杂种后代GA合成途径关键酶基因的转录水平,为探明GA对甘蓝型油菜生长发育的影响及其在产量形成过程中的作用奠定基础。【方法】2020年11月至2021年5月,利用高效液相色谱法测定15个不同来源的中国甘蓝型油菜品系及15个欧洲甘蓝型油菜品系GA含量的动态变化;2021年11月至2022年5月,以杂种F1产量优势较强的YG2009×YC4、ZS11×YC4及其亲本YG2009、ZS11、YC4为材料,考察3个不同时期（D1:2022年1月15日;D2:2022年2月15日;D3:2022年3月15日）亲本及杂种F1的GA含量变化、生长指标（株高、根长和鲜重等）、产量及构成因子（单株角果数、角粒数和千粒重）和光合指标（光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度）,分析GA含量随温度变化的趋势,GA含量与亲本及杂种F1的农艺性状、光合特性和产量的关系,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析亲本及杂种F...     

基于地基激光雷达监测不同地表覆盖条件的土壤侵蚀试验研究

土壤侵蚀量是土壤退化风险评估的重要指标,地基激光雷达(TLS)为土壤侵蚀量动态监测提供新技术手段,但野外不同地表覆盖条件对监测精度的影响尚不明确。基于2019年11月和2021年7月在鹰潭红壤生态实验站获取的地表裸露、石块、稀疏象草、马尾松、马尾松+石块,马尾松+稀疏象草等不同地表覆盖条件的6个径流小区两期TLS数据,运用移动曲面拟合滤波和反距离加权插值方法估算土壤侵蚀量,结合实测侵蚀量数据评价TLS精度,并探讨不同地表覆盖条件下TLS的最小变化识别度(minLOD)。研究表明,TLS监测精度与土壤侵蚀量呈正相关关系,更适用于中等强度以上或长时间发生明显侵蚀的土壤侵蚀区监测。不同地表覆盖条件下minLOD为4～60 mm,TLS监测相对误差(RE)依次为：地表裸露(RE=–9.4%)<马尾松+石块(RE=12.6%)<石块(RE=15.5%)<稀疏象草(RE=–18.9%)<马尾松(RE=23.4%)<马尾松+稀疏象草(RE=–25.2%);地表覆盖条件不仅影响土壤侵蚀强度、地表粗糙度,也产生点云滤波及空间插值误差,进而影响TLS识别minLOD准确度和土...