圩猪OB基因SNPs检测及其与产仔性能的关系

为探讨圩猪OB基因的单链核苷酸多态性及其与产仔性状之间的关系,本试验采用PCR-SSCP方法检测了70头圩猪OB基因第2、3外显子的遗传多态性.结果表明:1)圩猪群体OB基因外显子2上没有检测到突变,而外显子3所扩增的片段中存在3个突变位点(C3619G、G3620C和G3714T);2)在G3714T突变位点上检测出AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,其频率分别为0.7000、0.2286和0.0714;群体中A的基因频率为0.8143,B的基因频率为0.1857;3)x2检验表明,本研究群体OB基因外显子3的多态位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态;4)最小二乘分析表明,G3714T位点3种基因型在初产总产仔数、初产产活仔数及经产总产仔数、经产产活仔数性状上差异不显著(P>0.05),但呈现出BB>AB>AA的趋势.     

杉木连栽地上闽楠与杉木林分凋落物特征比较

通过对杉木多代连栽地轮栽闽楠后凋落物的特征研究.结果表明:闽楠林分的年凋落量比杉木多代连栽林(对照)增加了2 262.02 kg.hm-2,两树种的凋落物年组成成分的变化规律基本一致,都以叶的凋落量为最大,其次是枝条,再次是花果,第4是杂叶,第5是碎屑,最少的是杂枝.闽楠林凋落物的归还模式是主峰出现在4月份,占年凋落物总量的45.37%,该月的凋落物组成以叶为主,占月凋落量的绝对量(93.43%);而杉木多代连栽林则主峰出现在8月份,占年凋落物总量的48.49%,该月的凋落物组成虽也以杉叶为主,但它只约占了月凋落量的一半(48.35%),且杉木多代连栽林最大月的凋落量比闽楠林最大月的凋落量减少了900.62 kg.hm-2.凋落物的季节归还模式2种亦不同,闽楠林呈现出春季(50.40%)>秋季(24.19%)>夏季(23.04%)>冬季(2.37%),而杉木多代连栽林则呈现出秋季(53.06%)>春季(24.07%)>夏季(15.76%)>冬季(6.48%).     

Schima superba as a fuelbreak: Litter combustibility of three tree species with five water content levels using a cone calorimeter

To determine the suitability of Schima superba Gardn. et Champ as a fuelbreak, we compared and analyzed the flammability characteristics of tree litter from three trees commonly grown in south China, i.e., Pinus massoniana Lamb., Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook., and S. superba, using a cone calorimeter at five different water content levels. Water content levels of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% for the litter were manually produced with a new technique of adding water to dry litter. The cone calorimeter utilized a radiant heat intensity for leaf litter of 20 kW/m² (510°C) and for twig litter of 30 kW/m² (608°C). Results show that fixing the water content level by adding water with a pipette was an acceptable technique. For S. superba, compared to P. massoniana and C. lanceolata, 1) the heat release rate (HRR) was slower and lower; 2) the total heat released (THR) from the material was lower and started later in the burning process; and 3) except for the 10% water content, pkHRR/TTI was less. These results show that overall, S. superba was the best of the three species to be used as a fuelbreak in south China. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(5): 96–101 [译自: 林 业科学]     

Activated carbon amendments to soil alters nitrification rates in Scots pine forests

The influence of charcoal on biotic processes in soils remains poorly understood. Charcoal is a natural product of wildfires that burned on a historic return interval of ∼100 years in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests of northern Sweden. Fire suppression and changes in forest stand management have resulted in a lack of charcoal production in these ecosystems. It is thought that charcoal may alter N mineralization and nitrification rates, however, previous studies have not been conclusive. Replicated field studies were conducted at three late-succession field sites in northern Sweden and supporting laboratory incubations were conducted using soil humus collected from these sites. We used activated carbon (AC), as a surrogate for natural-occurring fire-produced charcoal. Two rates of AC (0 and 2000 kg ha⁻¹), and glycine (0 and 100 kg N as glycine ha⁻¹) were applied in factorial combination to field microplots in a randomized complete block pattern. Net nitrification, N mineralization, and free phenol concentrations were measured using ionic and non-ionic resin capsules, respectively. These same treatments and also two rates of birch leaf litter (0 and 1000 kg ha⁻¹) were applied in a laboratory incubation and soils from this incubation were extracted with KCl and analyzed for NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻. Nitrification rates increased with AC amendments in laboratory incubations, but this was not supported by field studies. Ammonification rates, as measured by NH₄⁺ accumulation on ionic resins, were increased considerably by glycine applications, but some NH₄⁺ was apparently lost to surface sorption to the AC. Phenolic accumulation on non-ionic resin capsules was significantly reduced by AC amendments. We conclude that charcoal exhibits important characteristics that affect regulating steps in the transformation and cycling of N.     

羊草草原枯枝落叶中矿质元素的动态分析

在羊草原上，因植物的枯死，输入到枯枝落叶中的矿质元素钙、镁、铁、钠、铜、锰、锌分别为０．８７６、０．８０８、０．２６１０．１１０、０．００４、０．０２６、０．０１３ｇ／（ｍ＾２．ａ），经过１ａ分解后，枯枝落叶各元素向土壤中释放的速率分别为５５％、３４％、３２％、５７％、３１％、５４％２２％。目前，枯枝落叶中矿质元素处于积累阶段，输入量大于输出量，达到稳定状态条件下，枯枝落叶中元素的含量分别为１．５     

滇杨枯落叶和林下土壤的化感潜力1）

采用生物测定法,对滇杨枯落叶和林下土壤的化感潜力进行了研究。结果表明：滇杨枯落叶浸出液会延缓三叶鬼针草种子萌发,抑制胚芽生长,在2．5％的处理质量分数下,对胚根的生长具有抑制作用,化感效应敏感指数RI＝－0．22。对株高和生物量的抑制作用,随着浇灌枯落叶浸出液质量分数及添加枯落叶粉比例的增加而增强,质量分数为2．5％时,株高的RI＝－0．17,生物量的RI＝－0．54。在添加80％枯落叶粉的处理下,株高的RI＝－0．54,生物量的RI＝－0．67,生物量的化感效应敏感程度高于株高。滇杨林下土壤对三叶鬼针草生长无化感抑制作用,均表现为化感促进作用,＞2～10 cm深的土壤促进作用最强,株高和生物量的化感效应敏感指数分别为0．57、0．73。     

油菜生长过程对核桃凋落叶化感作用的响应

为研究农作物白菜型油菜生长过程对核桃凋落叶化感作用的生理响应,采用盆栽试验,通过设置空白对照CK（不添加凋落叶）和3个凋落叶添加剂量水平:L₆₀（60 g·盆^-1）、L₁₂₀（120 g·盆^-1）和L₁₈₀（180 g·盆^-1）,测定盆栽油菜生长中后期的营养生长、生殖生长及生理响应相关指标。结果表明:1）核桃凋落叶分解对油菜中期营养生长（地径、株高）有显著抑制,在后期得到明显减弱,可仍对后期油菜生殖生长（开花性状、结实性状和产量）产生抑制影响;但这种抑制效应不会影响油菜结实种子的萌发。2）油菜生长中期（100 d）,随核桃凋落叶剂量增大,油菜叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性逐步增强,过氧化物酶（POD）活性无显著变化;丙二醛（MDA）含量仅在L₁₈₀处理下显著>CK（P＜0.05）,可溶性糖（SS）含量逐步增加,而可溶性蛋白（SP）含量呈逐步下降;到油菜生长后期（140 d）时,各处理下油菜POD、CAT的活性和SS、SP的含量均逐步下降,MDA含量均显著P<0.05）。3）各核桃凋落叶处理对油菜叶片各类叶绿素均有明显抑制作用,随凋落叶添加量增加,油菜叶片净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）呈先降后增的趋势。综上所述,核桃凋落叶经土壤分解对油菜中后期生长造成强烈的化感胁迫,其主要通过对油菜的细胞膜造成过氧化伤害,使叶绿素合成受到抑制,光合作用受到影响,进而妨碍其生长及产量品质的形成。     

Recent Advances in Breeding Disease Resistant Pines / ONLANGSE VORDERINGS IN DIE TEELT VAN SIEKTE-BESTANDE DENNEBOME

Recent results in breeding disease resistant pines are discussed. Breeding for disease resistance is economically feasible and could be initiated in South Africa if it becomes necessary, provided that adequate personnel is appointed.     

Soil organic matter in European forest floors in relation to stand characteristics and environmental factors

Published data on the quantities of organic matter in the forest floor (SOM_fl) of European forest stands were collated. Studies of SOM_fl were included if the total sampled surface was at least 0.15 m², the surface of a single sample was at least 100 cm², live material was sorted out, and ash or carbon content was determined. Data from 59 forest stands were compared with regard to stand characteristics and environment. Using a single variable, tree genus was most important for the amount of SOM_fl (R ² _adj = 0.34). The amounts in spruce stands (41 × 10³ kg ha^?1) were significantly higher than those in larch, Douglas fir, oak and birch stands (4–11 × 10³ kg ha^?1). The best significant multiple model was genus combined with stand age and basal area (R ² _adj. = 0.72). The importance of litter quantity and quality for differentiating the tree genera is discussed.     

华北土石山区油松人工林耗水分配规律

通过野外和室内试验相结合,对华北土石山区油松人工林耗水分配规律进行研究。结果表明:林分总耗水主要包括3个方面:林冠截留蒸发、植物蒸腾耗水和土壤物理蒸发耗水。油松林地总耗水为516.52mm,其中林冠截留占总耗水量的25.63%,土壤蒸发占22.15%,植物蒸腾耗水占52.22%,三者比例为1:0.86:2.04。油松平均林冠截留率为25.4%,平均透流率为64.4%,平均干流率为0.55%,干流雨、林内降雨和林外降雨有很好的线性关系。油松林枯落物最大持水量为1.5mm、枯落物年截水量为48.7mm,占总降雨的10.42%。油松林林内土壤水分蒸发为114.41mm,林外蒸发为197.70mm。油松林生长季林木蒸腾耗水量为269.74mm,6、8月出现两个峰值。