蘑菇渣对落叶Cp-S316堆肥养分变化的影响

以落叶Cp-S316、蘑菇渣和鸡粪为原料,在自制的堆肥反应器内,采用问歇式强制通风的方式,进行为期50d的堆肥试验。试验设不添加蘑菇渣（处理I）和添加蘑菇渣（处理Ⅱ）两个处理,研究添加蘑菇渣对落叶Cp-S316堆肥过程中养分变化的影响,分析了堆肥过程中温度、pH、EC、NH4^＋-N、NO3^--N、有机质、挥发性固体、总氮、总磷和总钾的变化。结果表明,在通风量为0．20m^3·h^-1通风时间为20min·h^—1的条件下,处理Ⅰ（不添加蘑菇渣）和处理Ⅱ（添加蘑菇渣）分别在堆肥45h和35h后达到50℃以上的高温,并且分别保持50℃以上72h和96h;添加蘑菇渣可以减少氮的损失,促进钾含量的增加,增加堆肥硝态氮的含量,降低堆肥的电导率,加快堆肥腐熟;对落叶Cp-S316堆肥过程中有机质、总磷、pH和C／N的影响不大。因此,添加蘑菇渣可以加快落叶Cp-S316堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥的质量。     

四种人工林枯落物持水特性

为了解木荷等4种人工林的枯落物水文特性,在广东省佛山市云勇林场,以木荷、杉木、藜蒴和火力楠人工林为研究对象,通过枯落物储存量调查和浸泡实验,分析枯落物持水特性,建立了枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸泡时间的相互关系。结果表明：4种人工林林分枯落物总储存量介于2．82～10．92t／hm2,杉木林最大（10．92t／hm2）,火力楠林最小（2．82t／hm2）;最大持水量依次为：杉木林〉藜蒴林〉木荷林〉火力楠林;最大拦蓄量介于4．16—12．93t／hm2;有效拦蓄量介于2．46～8．92t／hm2,依次是杉木林〉藜蒴林〉火力楠林〉木荷林。枯落物浸泡实验表明：枯落物持水量与浸泡时间存在对数曲线关系,而吸水速率与浸泡时间则是幂函数关系。4种人工林枯落物持水率和吸水速率随时间的动态变化规律基本相似。随浸泡时间的延长,枯落物持水率呈增加趋势,在浸泡10—12h后,持水率增幅趋于平缓;枯落物吸水速率在前2h内变化最快,之后逐渐变缓,24h时吸水基本停止。     

广西喀斯特次生林地表碳库和养分库特征及季节动态

以自然保护区原生林为对照,调查了广西喀斯特区处于同一次生演替序列中的灌丛、藤刺灌丛、乔灌丛3个群落的地表凋落物存量,同时对凋落物层和土壤表层(0-5 cm)的有机碳,全氮、磷、钾等养分元素的含量、贮量状态及其雨季前后的变化进行了研究.结果表明:地表凋落物存量及有机碳、全氮贮量随演替阶段上升均呈增高趋势;除全磷外,土壤的有机碳和养分元素含量与凋落物层贮量相关性显著(p<0.05);雨季期间,凋落物迅速分解,地表凋落物的分解量要大于当季凋落量,并且次生林的凋落物分解与养分释放量显著高于原生林;雨季后,各群落有机碳和养分的凋落物层贮量以及土壤含量均有所降低.其中凋落物层贮量下降显著的是藤刺灌丛与乔灌丛.土壤养分含量则在灌丛与原生林阶段下降更为明显.在从灌丛向顶级群落演替的进程中,森林的自养能力可能存在一个先增高再降低的过程.     

森林凋落物分解研究进展

 森林凋落物分解是森林生态系统养分生物循环的重要环节,而分解过程中所释放的CO2是全球碳素收支的重要组分,开展森林凋落物分解研究是充分认识森林生态系统结构和功能的基础。研究认为:凋落物分解的预测指标可分为3类,即环境指标(如实际蒸散量)、凋落物物理质量(如叶抗张强度)和化学质量指标(如C/N比、木质素/N比和C/P比等);凋落物分解过程中养分释放机制极其复杂,养分动态模式主要有淋溶—释放、淋溶—富集—释放和富集—释放3种,并因凋落物种类、分解阶段和元素本身性质的不同而异;凋落物混合分解并非单一树种分解的简单叠加,因树种组成和比例不同,基质的化学组成会发生变化,从而影响分解者的多样性、丰富度和生理活性,进而直接和间接地影响其分解速率;凋落物混合分解中可能存在无效应、促进效应和抑制效应;现有的研究结果显示,凋落物混合分解的适宜比例应与群落中不同树种的种群比例相一致;CO2浓度升高不仅影响凋落物的化学性质,而且与分解环境中土壤的生物活性密切相关,但CO2浓度升高并不改变凋落物质量与分解速率之间的关系;越来越多的研究显示,CO2浓度升高的环境下,植物群落的物种组成会产生变化,这种变化对养分循环速率的影响远大于单纯大气CO2浓度变化的影响。     

大兴安岭北方森林凋落物真菌及其抗菌化合物

为了研究大兴安岭森林凋落物真菌的抗菌活性,首先利用颗粒涂布平板法分离真菌,通过扩增与比对内部转录间隔区序列初步鉴定分离到的真菌.采用双平板打孔药剂扩散法检测抗菌活性,使用层析法分离目标菌株单体化合物.通过波谱学分析确定其化学结构,使用96孔板液体稀释法检测单体化合物的最低抑菌浓度.共分离得到88株真菌,其隶属于57个属...     

Conversion of a tropical forest into agroforest alters the fine root-related carbon flux to the soil

Large areas of remaining tropical forests are affected by anthropogenic disturbances of various intensities. These disturbances alter the structure of the forest ecosystem and consequently its carbon budget. We analysed the role of fine root dynamics in the soil carbon budget of tropical moist forests in South-east Asia along a gradient of increasing disturbance intensity. Fine root production, fine root turnover, and the associated carbon fluxes from the fine root system to the soil were estimated with three different approaches in five stands ranging from an old growth forest with negligible anthropogenic disturbance to a cacao agroforestry system with planted shade trees. Annual fine root production and mortality in three natural forest sites with increasing canopy openness decreased continuously with increasing forest disturbance, with a reduction of more than 45% between the undisturbed forest and the forest with large timber extraction. Cacao agroforestry stands had higher fine root production and mortality rates than forest with large timber extraction but less than undisturbed forest. The amount of carbon annually transferred to the soil carbon pool through fine root mortality was highest in the undisturbed forest and generally decreased with increasing forest use intensity. However, root-related C flux was also relatively high in the plantation with planted shading trees. In contrast, the relative importance of C transfer from root death in the total above- and below-ground C input to the soil increased with increasing forest use intensity and was even similar to the C input via leaf litter fall in the more intensively managed agroforest. We conclude that moderate to heavy disturbance in South-east Asian tropical moist forests has a profound impact on fine root turnover and the related carbon transfer to the soil.     

Variation in the chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters from three deciduous tree species growing on different soil types

The chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), oak (Quercus robur) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) were determined for 26 sites grouped into high fertility (HF) and low fertility (LF) soils according to base saturation and N-mineralization potentials. Measurements were made of total carbon, acid detergent fibre (ADF), Klason lignin, holo-cellulose, sugar constituents of hemicellulose and phenylpropanoid derivatives of lignin, and nutrient concentrations (N, Ca, P, Mg, K and Mn). Leaf and litter constituents varied within and between species according to soil groups, but beech showed contrasting responses to oak and chestnut. Beech leaves had lower ADF, lignin and cellulose on HF soils than LF soils, whereas oak and chestnut leaves had higher ADF, lignin and cellulose on HF than the LF soils. Conversely, the same constituents in beech leaf litter were higher on HF soils than LF soils, but lower in oak and chestnut leaf litter on HF soils than LF soils. The phenylpropanoid derivatives of lignin and sugar constituents of hemicellulose also showed similar variations in relation to soil groups with contrasting patterns for in leaves and litters. Re-absorption of N from leaves before litter fall was negatively correlated with soil N mineralization potential for beech (highest on LF soils) but showed an unexpected, positive relationship for oak and chestnut (highest on HF soils). These intra-specific differences of leaf and litter chemistry in relation to soil fertility status are unprecedented and largely unexplained. The observed patterns reflect phenotypic responses to soil type that result in continuum of litter quality, within and between tree species, that have been shown in related studies to significantly influence litter decomposition rates.     

陕北黄土丘陵区牧草枯落物对针叶纯林土壤极化的修复效应

针对陕北半湿润黄土丘陵区的侧柏、油松和落叶松等针叶纯林,在前期关于土壤极化研究的基础上,通过采集林地腐殖质层土壤与7种不同牧草枯落物进行混合分解培养,研究不同牧草枯落物对针叶纯林土壤的修复效应,以此作为选择适宜修复牧草种的依据。结果表明：（1）针对侧柏纯林土壤,苜蓿等7种牧草对于速效钾含量,苜蓿、胡枝子、沙打旺、小冠花和草木樨对于蛋白酶活性的负向极化具有显著缓减作用。（2）针对油松纯林土壤,7种牧草对于碱解氮含量,毛苕子、苜蓿和草木樨对于有效磷含量,苜蓿对于蔗糖酶活性的负向极化均有显著缓减作用。（3）针对落叶松纯林土壤,胡枝子和红豆草对于碱解氮含量,苜蓿、红豆草、小冠花和毛苕子对于有效磷含量,除苜蓿和毛苕子外的其他牧草对于有机质含量,苜蓿以外其他牧草对于磷酸酶活性的负向极化均具有显著缓减作用。（4）综合主成分分析表明,对侧柏纯林土壤综合修复效果较好的依次是沙打旺、小冠花、胡枝子和毛苕子;对于油松纯林土壤综合修复效果较好的依次是苜蓿、小冠花和草木樨;对于落叶松纯林土壤综合修复效果较好的依次是苜蓿、草木樨和红豆草。     

亚热带山地森林源头溪流米槠凋落叶分解的水溶性碳氮磷动态

以亚热带常绿阔叶林建群种米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)凋落叶为研究对象,对照地表环境,研究了溪流和间歇性溪流凋落叶分解过程中水溶性有机碳、氮、磷含量变化及其累积损失特征。结果表明:(1)3种生境中凋落叶水溶性有机碳的含量在分解过程中均表现出逐渐降低的趋势,但在溪流中降低程度最大,损失率达92.18%;水溶性氮含量在溪流和间歇性溪流释放时间提前,其变化程度相对较小;相比于地表和间歇性溪流,溪流中的凋落叶水溶性磷含量在分解过程中持续降低,损失率达86.75%。(2)相对于地表,溪流和间歇性溪流显著促进了凋落叶中的水溶性有机碳、氮、磷的释放速率,表明源头溪流持续流动的水体促进凋落叶水溶性组分的释放。(3)尽管3种生境中凋落叶水溶性有机碳、氮、磷元素的损失率共同受到温度、降水、环境中营养元素含量的影响,但源头溪流持续流动的水流和间歇性溪流频繁的干湿交替促进凋落叶水溶性组分的释放。研究结果为揭示亚热带山地森林凋落叶分解过程中水溶性碳氮磷在不同生境中的释放动态提供基础数据。     

毛红椿凋落叶水浸液自毒作用研究

为探究毛红椿凋落叶水浸液的自毒作用,采用生物测试法研究毛红椿凋落叶水浸液对自身种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响,并结合气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析凋落叶水浸液石油醚、乙醚、氯仿、甲醇4种不同极性萃取组分中存在的自毒物质。结果表明,凋落叶水浸液对毛红椿种子发芽及幼苗生长、存活率等均有抑制作用,浓度越高抑制作用越强,中浓度溶液(100 g·L^-1)对种子发芽和茎长达到显著抑制水平,对种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、茎长的抑制率分别为18%、31%、31%和17%;低浓度溶液(10 g·L^-1)对根长的抑制达到显著水平,抑制率为25%。毛红椿凋落叶水浸液4种不同极性萃取组分中共鉴定到22种化合物,总体含酰胺类、长链脂肪酸、酚类、苯甲酸衍生物、烷烃类、腈类、二甲苯、松油烯及谷甾醇等物质,其中酰胺类、长链脂肪酸、酚类、苯甲酸衍生物成分可能为毛红椿自毒物质。本研究结果为探索毛红椿的濒危机制,促进毛红椿的实生更新提供了理论依据。