不同制剂处理对水稻秧苗素质的影响

盆栽试验结果显示,用漯效王1 000、1 200、1 500、2 000倍液浸种甬优12(籼粳杂交稻)和中浙优1号(籼型杂交稻)种子,2个水稻品种的种子发芽率、根长、胚芽长均与清水对照无明显差异。在不施化肥的情况下用漯效王喷施叶面,2个品种的株高、根长、地上部鲜质量、地下部鲜质量、叶绿素相对含量与清水对照也无明显差异。在对处理组施尿素后用漯效王喷施叶面,而对清水、普绿通、可杀得叁仟处理组只施尿素的情况下,漯效王处理的水稻株高、地上部鲜质量、地下部鲜质量、叶绿素相对含量明显优于清水对照、普绿通、可杀得叁仟处理。叶面喷施后14d,漯效王处理组各指标依旧优于对照组。综合试验结果表明,漯效王在与尿素配合施用的情况下能够达到促进肥效、抗虫、促进根部和植株生长、促进分蘖的作用,并且药效持久性好。     

Disulphide structure of high-molecular-weight (HMW-) gliadins as affected by terminators

This study aimed at elucidating SS-bonds of HMW-gliadins (HGL) from wheat with the focus on terminators of glutenin polymerisation. HGL from wheat flour extracts non-treated or treated with the S-alkylation reagent N-ethylmaleinimide (NEMI) were compared. HGL from wheat flour Akteur were isolated, hydrolysed with thermolysin and the resulting peptides pre-separated by gel permeation chromatography and analysed by liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry using alternating electron transfer dissociation/collision-induced dissociation. Altogether, 22 and 28 SS-peptides from samples without and with NEMI treatment, respectively, were identified. Twenty-six peptides included standard SS-bonds of α- and γ-gliadins, high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits. Eleven SS-bonds were identified for the first time. Fifteen peptides unique to HGL contained cysteine residues from gliadins with an odd number of cysteines (ω5-, α- and γ-gliadins). Thus, gliadins with an odd number of cysteines, glutathione and cysteine had acted as terminators of glutenin polymerisation. Decisive differences between samples without and with NEMI treatment were not obvious showing that the termination of polymerisation was already completed in the flour. The two HGL samples, however, were different in the majority of ten peptides that included disulphide-linked low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols such as glutathione and cysteine with the former being enriched in the non-treated HGL-sample.     

Polymerisation of gluten proteins in developing wheat grain as affected by desiccation

The breadmaking quality of wheat is affected by the composition of gluten proteins and the polymerisation of subunits that are synthesised and accumulated in developing wheat grain. The biological mechanisms and time course of these events during grain development are documented, but not widely confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the accumulation of gluten protein subunits and the size distribution of protein aggregates during grain development. The effect of desiccation on the polymerisation of gluten proteins and the functional properties of gluten were also studied. The results showed that the size of glutenin polymers remained consistently low until yellow ripeness (YR), while it increased during grain desiccation after YR. Hence, this polymerisation process was presumed to be initiated by desiccation. A similar polymerisation event was also observed when premature grains were dried artificially. The composition of gluten proteins, the ratios of glutenin to gliadin and high molecular weight-glutenin subunits to low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, in premature grain after artificial desiccation showed close association with the size of glutenin polymers in artificially dried grain. Functional properties of gluten in these samples were also associated with polymer size after artificial desiccation.     

Kernel vitreousness and protein content: Relationship,interaction and synergistic effects on durum wheat quality

Four sets of durum samples were used in this study to further understand the interrelationships among hard vitreous kernels (HVK), protein content, and pigment concentration, with a focus on the interaction and synergistic effects of protein content and vitreousness on durum quality. HVK level increases with higher protein content in the range of 9.5–12.5%, but this relationship is less evident in durum samples with high protein content (12.5–14.5%). Both protein content and kernel vitreousness can significantly affect durum milling quality. White starchy kernels (WSK) in low protein durum have a very detrimental impact on milling and pasta processing quality, but high protein content can mitigate the adverse impact of WSK on durum quality. Although protein content plays a dominant role, higher HVK might contribute positively to pasta firmness. There was no significant difference in yellow pigment content between HVK and WSK. However, pigment loss from semolina to dough was higher for WSK than HVK. Despite the difference in protein content, HVK and WSK have little difference in gluten strength. The monomeric protein was preferentially accumulated in HVK. The glutenin proteins of HVK and WSK were similar in the ratios of 1Bx/1By and HMW/LMW-GS.     

可食性液态膜复合保鲜剂对番茄保鲜效果的研究

以番茄为试材,通过壳聚糖、可溶性淀粉、羧甲基纤维素钠配制成不同浓度的复合保鲜液浸泡涂膜处理,研究其对番茄保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,复合保鲜液涂膜可有效地降低番茄果实的失重率、腐烂率、可溶性固形物含量,抑制多酚氧化酶活性,维持番茄VC含量,保持番茄果实较好的感官品质,且以0.5%壳聚糖+0.8%可溶性淀粉+0.3%羧甲基纤维素钠复配的复合保鲜液涂膜对番茄有较好的保鲜效果,15℃环境下其货架期延长到15 d以上。     

农产品中白藜芦醇的高效液相色谱标准化测定方法研究

旨在建立同时测定花生衣、葡萄皮、苜蓿、虎杖、藜芦等农产品中白藜芦醇含量的高效液相色谱标准化测定方法。色谱分析条件如下:以Waters Atlantis T3-C18色谱柱(4.6×150mm,3μm)分离,柱温40℃;以乙腈:0.1%乙酸溶液(体积比为26:74)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min;采用二极管阵列检测器,检测波长306 nm。花生衣、葡萄皮、苜蓿中白藜芦醇含量的检出限均为0.6μg/g,定量限均为2.0μg/g;虎杖、藜芦中白藜芦醇含量的检出限均为7.5μg/g,定量限均为25μg/g。方法学考察结果显示符合含量测定要求。该方法操作简便、快速,结果可靠,重现性好,可用来研究农产品中白藜芦醇的含量。     

酵母浸膏对北柴胡种子萌发的影响及评价

以北柴胡种子为试验材料,分别以0.5％、1.0％、1.5％和2.0％的酵母浸膏液对北柴胡种子进行浸种,在种子萌发过程中测定相关的生理生化指标,探讨酵母浸膏液对北柴胡种子萌发的影响.含水量的测定采用烘干减重法,体积的测定采用排水法,可溶性糖含量的测定采用蒽酮比色法,蛋白质含量的测定采用考马斯亮蓝-G 250染色法,氨基酸含量的测定采用茚三酮显色法;利用隶属函数法对各项指标进行综合评价.结果表明:北柴胡种子在萌发过程中,种子内含水量的变化和其体积的变化呈一定的相关性,都是呈先下降后上升再缓慢增加的趋势;可溶性糖含量的变化呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势;蛋白质含量整体呈先急剧下降后上升再缓慢下降的趋势;氨基酸含量整体呈先上升后下降的趋势.综合各项指标进行综合评价,酵母浸膏液浸种对北柴胡种子的萌发具有明显的促进作用,其中以1.0％酵母浸膏液浸种效果最佳.     

快速滤过型净化法结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测人参中的5种农药残留

基于人参样品基质特点,采用快速滤过型净化法 (m-PFC) 结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS),建立了人参中嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、吡虫啉、茚虫威和噻嗪酮5种农药残留同时检测的分析方法。该方法具有较低的检出限 (0.03~0.18 μg/kg) 和定量限 (0.11~0.59 μg/kg),其定量限较中国国家标准GB 2763—2016中规定的对人参中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的最大残留限量 (MRL) (0.5~1 mg/kg) 低3个数量级,5种农药的线性范围在1~500 μg/L之间。在2、10、50、100和300 μg/kg的添加水平下,方法的平均回收率均在76%~115%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 均小于11%,回收率较好且方法稳定。与传统样品前处理方法相比,该方法具有操作简单、省时省力和灵敏度高等优点。将该方法应用于市售6份人参样品中5种农药残留的检测,结果未检出相应的农药残留。该方法为研发建立更快速、准确地检测人参中农药残留的方法提供了思路,也为后续中国国家标准修订人参中农药最大残留限量提供了参考。     

油菜薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷组分及含量分析

采用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)法,对30个油菜品种薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷(glucosinolate,简称硫苷)的组分及含量进行测定。结果表明:30个油菜品种的总硫苷含量变异范围较大,在21.67～119.29μmol·g^-1之间;大多数油菜品种蕾中的硫苷含量高于薹,蕾中硫苷含量均值为37.26μmol·g^-1,薹中为28.06μmol·g^-1;薹和蕾中的硫苷组分相似,均以4-戊烯基硫苷和2-羟基-3-丁烯基硫苷为主要成分,两者在薹和蕾中的含量分别占总硫苷含量的46.24%、28.52%和45.19%、29.13%。进一步分析高、中、低硫苷含量油菜品种的硫苷组分及含量,结果表明油菜不同品种间硫苷含量的差异主要是由4-戊烯基硫苷引起的。     

轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机设计与试验研究

液态肥穴播深施是利用高压液柱冲击土壤,通过精确控制流体喷射进行肥料定向深施的一种农机农艺新方法。为此,设计并研制了一种轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机,并通过土槽试验研究了液态肥穴播深施的可行性、成穴的基本规律及合适的工作参数范围。设计的开穴施肥轮上分布着多个导流开穴器,当导流开穴器插入土壤后,端面凸轮控制其开启,经过增压的高压液态肥沿导流开穴器射入土壤,解决了液态肥施肥过程中作业速度低、喷肥孔易堵塞及施肥量调节复杂等问题。研制了施肥机工作参数的试验测试系统,通过正交试验确定了其工作压力、流量和转速的最佳参数。试验表明:当压力取0.3MPa、节流阀开度为50%、转速为30r/min(对应机具速度0.86m/s)时,施肥量可满足设计要求。田间试验表明:轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机对覆膜、秸秆覆盖地、免耕地等作业环境有很强的适应性,比普通喷洒施肥节约肥料42%、提高作业效率30%以上。本研究为液态肥的深施肥作业机具研究和田间追肥农艺改进提供了参考。