叶面喷施尿素涂膜液对苹果树的影响

为了验证尿素涂膜液在苹果上的喷施效果,在大田试验条件下,采用叶面喷施尿素涂膜液和清水(CK)的方法研究了苹果叶面喷施尿素涂膜液的增产效果。结果表明:苹果叶面喷施尿素涂膜液新梢生长量、叶片厚度、叶片鲜重、叶面积分别比对照增加50.0%、15.0%、6.2%和9.3%,百果重、果型指数分别比对照提高4.4%和3.3%,产量较对照增产9.8%,增产效果明显。     

体外产气法评定反刍家畜饲草料营养价值的研究前景

阐述了体外产气法的原理、影响体外产气量的因素及其研究前景。     

基于IPCC方法的新疆畜禽温室气体排放时空分析

在IPCC方法的基础上,对1980-2016年新疆畜禽温室气体排放的时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:新疆畜禽温室气体从1980年的1224.01×10^4 tCO2-eq波动升高至2016年的2032.80×10^4 tCO2-eq,增幅为66.08%,年均增长1.41%;畜禽肠道发酵甲烷排放是新疆畜禽温室气体的主要贡献者,占温室气体排放总量的84%,其次是畜禽粪便管理氧化亚氮和甲烷的排放;而主要畜禽温室气体排放以牛和羊为主,其次是马、驴、猪、骆驼和骡;最后通过对2015年新疆畜禽温室气体排放空间变化分析可知,伊犁州直属县(市)温室气体排放量最大,为456.78×10^4 tCO2-eq,而温室气体排放量最小的克拉玛依市仅有4.37×10^4 tCO2-eq,说明新疆畜禽温室气体排放空间差异性较大。     

Fusarium moniliforme secretes four endopolygalacturonases derived from a single gene product

Extracellular endopolygalacturonase, purified from the pathogenic fungus Fusarium moniliforme, consists of four molecular forms (38, 41·5, 45, and 48·5 kDa, respectively. Three forms (38, 41·5, and 45 kDa) were purified to homogencity by FPLC on a Mono S column followed by electroelution after SDS-PAGE. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of each of the three forms, and of a mixture containing all four forms were shown to be identical to that predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the endopolygalacturonase gene previously cloned from F. moniliforme. Enzymatic deglycosylation experiments revealed the presence of N-linked, high mannose oligosaccharide side-chains on all four forms of endo polygalacturonase. Hydrogen fluoride catalysed chemical deglycosylation of the polygalacturonase mixture yielded a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 36·2 kDa. Southern blot analysis, carried out at high stringency with an endopolygalacturonase-specific probe on genomic DNA digested with three different restriction enzymes, showed a single hybridizing restriction fragment in all three digests. A single 2·0 Mb chromosome hybridized with the endo polygalacturonase-specific probe, as shown by Southern blot analysis of F. moniliforme chromosomes separated by CHEF electrophoresis. Northern blot analysis revealed only one mRNA species 1350 nt encoding endo polygalacturonase. These data indicate that a single gene encodes the endopolygalacturonases of F. moniliforme.     

影响原料奶发酵因素的初探及其控制

通过用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌(1:1)3%的接种量,42.5℃培养,做发酵试验分析,主要存在以下几个因素影响着原料乳的发酵质量:抗生素的残留量、原始酸度和pH值、蛋白含量和总固体含量。通过实验发现脂肪对其影响不大。     

猪用发酵床的研究与应用

新型微生物发酵床养猪技术是一种新兴的无公害养猪技术,它可有效地解决猪生产中的粪便处理和环境污染问题,改善猪的福利状况,利于猪只的生长和发育,其环保性和经济性明显优于集约化,规模化养猪方式。本文介绍了微生物发酵床的概念、分类和工艺流程,讨论了其技术要点和应用效果,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Seasonal changes in digestibility, passage rate and rumen fermentation of alfalfa hay in sika deer (Cervus nippon) under restricted feeding

To investigate seasonal variations in the digestive functions of sika deer, five female sika deer were provided with an amount of alfalfa hay cubes equivalent to voluntary food intake during winter. We measured the rate at which the food passed through the digestive tract, digestibility and rumen fermentation during the summer (August), autumn (November), winter (February) and spring (May). Total mean retention time in the digestive tract during summer and autumn was numerically longer than that in winter and spring, but the difference did not reach significance. Organic matter and fiber were less digestible in summer and autumn than in winter and spring (P < 0.05), whereas the digestibility of the dry matter tended to vary with the seasons (P < 0.1). Ruminal pH values seasonally changed (P < 0.01), and were the lowest in autumn. The concentration of ruminal ammonia‐nitrogen differed significantly among the seasons (P < 0.05), increasing in winter and decreasing during spring and summer. The numbers of protozoa changed significantly among the seasons (P < 0.05), being higher in autumn than in winter and spring, and intermediate in summer. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids was not seasonally affected, but the molar percentages of propionic acid and butyric acid significantly changed according to season (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), and the ratio of acetic to propionic acid tended to change with the seasons (P < 0.1). The results of this study suggested that the digestive functions in sika deer, fed a commercial diet at a restricted level, differed notably among the seasons and these variations might partially be due to environmental effects.     

Effects of amino nitrogen on fermentation parameters by mixed ruminal microbes when energy or nitrogen is limited

Ruminal microbes harvested from a ruminally fistulated cow were incubated in simple batch and semicontinuous cultures with NH₃‐N or amino‐N on nitrogen‐ or energy‐excess diets in quantity (HN and LN diets, respectively, consisting of timothy hay plus soybean meal, or corn grain), based on evaluation with the National Research Council and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System models. In a batch culture experiment, supplementation with amino‐N promoted digestion and fermentation in the course of incubation (4–24 h) on both diets, but these effects mostly disappeared when the diets were sufficiently digested (at 48 h). In a semicontinuous culture experiment using Rusitec, no effect of amino‐N was exhibited after sufficient fermentation and digestion, but significant promotion of digestion was shown in the course of incubation on the HN diet, while no such effect was detected on the LN diet. The microbial yield for 24 h did not show a significant difference between the N sources of either of the two diets. These results suggest that the stimulatory effects of amino‐N are diminished when the diets are sufficiently digested after a long retention and incubation, and also that the effectiveness of amino‐N does not require a quantitatively energy‐excess status.     

纤维素酶对粗饲料人工瘤胃pH、氨态氮及产气量的影响

本试验分别以棉籽壳、苜蓿、小麦秸秆、玉米青贮、玉米秸秆为底物,采用人工瘤胃技术,研究不同水平纤维素酶对人工瘤胃pH、氨态氮浓度及产气量的影响。对照组未添加纤维素酶,试验1、2和3组分别添加纤维素酶140、280、420IU/mL。结果表明,不同水平纤维素酶的人工瘤胃pH无显著变化(P>0.05),氨态氮浓度变化不显著(P>0.05),但人工瘤胃最大产气量显著提高(P<0.05)。     

不同添加剂处理对小麦秸黄贮饲料发酵品质的影响

为研究纤维素酶和乳酸菌制剂以及尿素对小麦秸黄贮饲料品质的影响,分别设不同的处理组及对照进行小麦秸黄贮饲料的发酵试验。实验Ⅰ结果表明:尿素单独添加、尿素和纤维素酶混合添加显著提高粗蛋白的含量,尿素和乳酸菌制剂、以及尿素与乳酸菌制剂和纤维素酶混合添加都不能得到品质较好的小麦秸黄贮饲料。实验Ⅱ结果表明:各添加剂处理均显著降低黄贮饲料的pH值和中性洗涤纤维含量(P<0.05),显著提高乳酸、总酸和粗蛋白含量(P<0.05);添加剂处理能够明显改善小麦秸黄贮饲料的发酵品质,提高小麦秸的饲用价值。纤维素酶和乳酸菌制剂同时添加时,小麦秸黄贮饲料品质最好。