高效液相色谱-荧光检测畜禽粪污中四种氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留

为了建立高效液相色谱-荧光测定畜禽粪污中氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星残留的分析方法,将畜禽粪便样品经乙腈超声提取,再经正己烷液-液萃取,并经氮吹浓缩,乙腈与水混合溶解残渣,过微孔滤膜,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测,以0.01 mol/L四丁基溴化胺(pH 3.0)/乙腈(94/6,V/V)为流动相,于激发波长280 nm、发射波长480 nm处进行检测。结果表明,畜禽粪污样品中4种喹诺酮类抗生素的平均回收率为77.8%～98.2%,相对标准偏差为3.5%～7.2%,检测限为0.005～0.010μg/kg。该方法简便、快速,可满足畜禽粪污中4种喹诺酮类兽药残留量的同时检测。     

蛋鸡低氮磷无抗菌素饲料研究

通过蛋鸡日粮不添加或少添加无机磷、降低粗蛋白水平,应用氨基酸、植酸酶、生化黄腐酸、大蒜素和复合微生态制剂等综合调控,分别设A(CP 13.63%、AP 0.11%)、B(CP 14.69%、AP 0.11%)、C(CP 15.74%、AP 0.11%)和D(CP 15.39%、AP 0.18%)4组,开展蛋鸡低氮磷无抗菌素日粮研究,结果表明,在无抗菌素条件下,A组比D组产蛋率与产蛋量分别下降1.87%(P0.01)与2.25%(P0.01),但B组与D组生产性能差异不显著(P0.05);A组比D组鸡蛋总氮提高7.8%(P0.05),B组比D组鸡蛋总磷与钙增加200%(P0.01)和112.5%(P0.01),胆固醇降低24.7%(P0.01),蛋砷、铬、镉均显著或极显著降低;A组比D组粪总氮降低15.9%(P0.01),B组比D组粪总磷降低25.3%(P0.01),粪铜、粪砷分别降低27.0%(P0.01)、22.2%(P0.01)。     

抗生素对玉米愈伤组织生长和分化的影响

以继代培养的玉米胚性愈伤组织为材料,研究了不同质量浓度的卡那霉素(Kan)、遗传霉素(G418)和头孢霉素(Cef)对胚性愈伤组织继代生长和分化的影响.结果表明:(1)当质量浓度大于3 mg.L-1时,Kan对愈伤组织的生长具有一定抑制作用,其抑制作用在不同继代次数和不同基因型间具有明显差异;Kan明显降低了愈伤组织的分化出苗率;(2)G418具有显著抑制愈伤组织生长的负向效应.当G418的质量浓度大于25 mg.L-1时,愈伤组织就丧失了再生能力;(3)Cef质量浓度为100 mg.L-1时,对愈伤组织的生长无显著影响,随着质量浓度的增加,对愈伤组织的生长开始具有抑制作用,Cef对愈伤组织生长的抑制作用具有一定的累加效应.Cef对愈伤组织的分化再生能力具有一定的正向效应,但其临界质量浓度在基因型间和继代次数间存在差异.     

The effects of replacement of antibiotics with by‐products of oriental medicinal plants on growth performance and meat qualities in fattening pigs

The effect of by‐products of oriental medicinal plants (OMP; T1) containing 0.03% herb extracts (T2) or 0.1% aminolevulinic acid (T3) on the production performance of swine during the finishing period and on its meat quality were investigated. No significant differences were found in the weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate among the tested groups (P > 0.05). But the treated group showed higher (P < 0.05) moisture and ash and lower protein than the control group. The T3 group showed a lower meat cholesterol content (38.42 mg/100 g) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). The vitamin E content of the muscle in the treated groups was higher compared to the control group. No antibiotic content was detected in all treated and control samples. The values of the volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) of the treated groups were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than the control group. The treated groups had significantly better (P < 0.05) sensory‐test scores for color, flavor, off‐flavor and total acceptability compared to the control group.     

牛奶中抗生素残留检测研究进展

抗生素越来越多地被应用于畜牧业中。其在乳制品中的残留问题备受关注。从牛奶中残留抗生素的来源、危害以及检测方法等方面进行总结,并对我国牛奶中抗生素检测的发展前景进行了展望。     

银白杨遗传转化中抗生素浓度优化的研究

该文探讨了卡那霉素、G418、羧苄青霉素和头孢霉素4种抗生素对银白杨不同培养阶段外植体生长、分化或生根的影响,确立了由农杆菌介导的银白杨遗传转化研究中抗生素种类和转化体的筛选浓度.结果表明:在叶片转化筛选阶段,卡那霉素和G418的适宜浓度分别为15和10 mg/L,羧苄青霉素和头孢霉素的适宜浓度为200～600 mg/L和200～400 mg/L;在抗性芽生根培养时,卡那霉素和G418浓度分别为20～25 mg/L和15～20 mg/L,羧苄青霉素和头孢霉素浓度为200～800 mg/L和200～600 mg/L.头孢霉素或羧苄青霉素的抑菌效果因农杆菌菌株的不同而存在差异,羧苄青霉素对农杆菌LBA4404抑制效果好,头孢霉素对农杆菌C58抑制效果理想.      

Involvement of spleen components of mature fowl in the primary and secondary humoral antibody response following experimental EDS'76 virus infection

Summary

Cellular changes in spleens of mature fowl in relation to both the primary and secondary humoral antibody response following experimentalEDS'76 virus infection were studied. The influence of splenectomy on humoral antibody response was also examined.

Experimental fowl had been naturally infected with fowl adenovirus (FAV) but did not possess precipitins to these viruses at the time of EDS’ 76 virus infection. Since EDS'76 infection provokes a recall of the group antibody to FAV, this infection simultaneously induces a primary response against EDS’ 76 virus and a secondary response due to the recall of the group antibody to FAV.

HI and precipitating antibodies toEDS'76 virus (primary response) werefirst detected at 6 and 8 days p.i. respectively. Curves of HI, precipating and neutralising antibody titres were biphasic; the first peak (IgM peak) occurred at 10–11 days p.i., the second (IgG peak) at 16–28 days p.i.

Precipitating antibodies to FAV (secondary response) were demonstrated from 4 days p.i. The curve of these antibody titres was also biphasic, with peaks at the same times as in the primary response.

Based on HI and AGP testing of primary and secondary immune response in both splenectomised and non‐splenectomised fowl it is concluded that in the primary response the spleen of the adult fowl is involved significantly in only IgM secretion, while in the secondary response it is likely that bothIgM and IgG are secreted in considerable amounts.

Clusters of lymphoblasts and plasmablasts were observed at 3 days p.i. in the red pulp. It is very likely that antigen‐antibody complexes are formed from that time and circulate bound to the surface of lymphocytes. These antigen‐loaded lymphocytes are ‘picked up’ from the blood stream by

– red pulp macrophages, leading to enhanced formation of lymphoblasts in the red pulp. Great numbers of these cells (which are very probably IgM secreting cells) were present on days 6 and 7 p.i., but were no longer detectable after day 10 p.i.

– macrophages of the macrophagalellipsoidal corona (MEC), leading to significant enlargement of the periellipsoidal lymphoid tissue(PELT) by an increase of the number of lymphocytes observedfrom days 4–12 p.i. The MEC was significantly enlarged from 7–12 days p.i., very likely due to an increased number of macrophages.

Following deposition of antigen in the white pulp, formation of follicles begins. The number of small, intact follicles includingfollicle precursors increasedfrom 6 days p.i. From 15 days p.i. to the end of the experiment both the number and size of follicles increased significantly.

Uptake and processing of antigen by macrophages is probably accompanied by death of some of these cells. This might explain the degenerative changes observed in large mesenchymal cells, probably macrophages, at 3 and 5 days p.i. in the red pulp and at 5 and 6 days especially in the MEC. Splenitis which was present at 3 and 5 days p.i. and oedema observed in and around ellipsoidal cells at 5 days p.i. may be due to mediators released from these degenerative macrophages.

A significantly increased number of follicles with lymphoblasts was seen from 2–15 days p.i. while lymphoblasts and plasmablasts were present in the PELT from 5–15 days p.i., but predominantly at 6 and 7 days p.i. It is likely that disruption of follicles and blast transformation of white pulp lymphoid cells are secondary response events. White pulp lymphoblastsand plasmablastsare probably IgG secreting cells.

Splenomegaly was observed at 3, 5 and 6 days after infection and was mainly due to swelling of red pulp macrophages and infiltration of granulocytes in the red pulp. Ellipsoidal and periellipsoidal changes could contribute to the splenomegaly at 5 and 6 days p.i.     

库尔勒地区梨火疫病防治药剂筛选及防治适期分析

【目的】筛选出防治梨火疫病化学药剂和防治适期,为该病害的防控提供依据。【方法】选择14种市售药剂进行田间药效试验,采用常量喷雾方法进行化学防治药剂筛选,分析不同时期施药最佳防治时期,运用定向涂抹法防治发病严重部位。【结果】铜制剂对梨火疫病的防效相对较优于农用抗生素,其中氢氧化铜、噻菌铜和松脂酸铜的防效分别为96.2%、68.5%和66.7%;香梨初花期施药的防治效果显著优于盛花期和果实膨大期,且铜制剂的防效高于其它药剂,其中初花期施用氢氧化铜对梨火疫病的防效可达96.2%;针对已发病的梨树枝干,可使用植物杂源多酚进行涂抹防治,病斑抑制率达到了92.1%。【结论】初花期可喷施铜制剂进行保护,有效阻止病原菌入侵;盛花期可使用非铜制剂进行防治,避免产生药害;果实膨大期可使用植物杂源多酚或噻霉酮涂抹剂定向涂抹。     

细菌耐药质粒消除方法研究进展

常见的病原微生物多重耐药性的增加以及多重耐药菌株的出现,给动物养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失。细菌的耐药性与其自身携带的耐药质粒关系密切。论文从细菌耐药现状,细菌的耐药性和耐药质粒的关系,耐药质粒的物理、化学、中草药消除方法这几个方面进行综述,旨在寻求一种安全有效的消除方法消除耐药质粒,为今后相关的研究提供参考。