gacS基因在荧光假单胞菌FD6防治番茄灰霉病中的功能分析

 荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）FD6可产生多种抗菌物质,对多种植物病原真菌生长都有抑制作用。将FD6菌株感应激酶gacS基因部分保守区片段克隆到自杀载体中得到质粒pBS-S,将该质粒电击转化到FD6菌株中,利用同源重组构建了gacS基因插入突变体。经测定该突变体不产生抗生素硝吡咯菌素、2,4–二乙酰基间苯三酚、藤黄绿脓菌素、蛋白酶和氢氰酸,与野生型菌株相比形成生物膜和嗜铁素能力显著降低,并且丧失了对番茄灰霉病防病能力。gacS基因互补试验结果表明,gacS基因表达可恢复产生次生抗菌物质的能力,且对番茄灰霉病的防治效果与野生型菌株接近。由此证明,gacS基因是影响拮抗细菌FD6抗生素产生和对病害抑制能力的重要调控因子。     

新疆不同地区牛源大肠杆菌耐药性分析

This study was aimed to investigate the resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from cattle farms in Xinjiang to antibiotics. The resistances of Escherichia coli isolates from cattle farms in five regions to commonly used antibiotic were determined using microdilution broth assay. Escherichia coli isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (up to 39.3%) in all regions, and existed multidrug-resistant, but zero resistance was the dominant. Escherichia coli isolates from E cattle farm in Cherqi town, Baicheng county, exhibited resistant to three kinds of quinolones (6.7%). The results suggested that the resistances of Escherichia coli isolates to commonly used antibiotics were not serious in Xinjiang.     

兽用抗生素中非法添加5种解热镇痛类药物的高效液相色谱检测方法研究

建立兽用抗生素注射液与可溶性粉剂中非法添加对乙酰氨基酚、安乃近、安替比林、萘普生、氨基比林5种药物的高效液相色谱—二极管阵列检测分析方法。样品经甲醇超声提取后进行液相色谱分析,采用CAPCELL PAK MG C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈和磷酸盐缓冲液,梯度洗脱,检测波长229 nm,流速1.0 m L/min。对乙酰氨基酚、安乃近、安替比林、萘普生、氨基比林进样量分别在5.04~100.88、12.04~240.72、5.04~100.72、2.02~40.40、5.02~100.32μg/m L范围内呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率(n=5)分别为97.9%~102.8%、91.9%~98.8%、96.2%~101.1%、94.1%~102.3%、96.0%~102.8%,RSD分别为1.0%~3.1%、0.9%~6.4%、1.7%~4.2%、1.4%~3.9%、0.9%~4.8%。该方法快捷、简便,其准确性和灵敏度经方法学验证能很好地满足检测多种抗生素中非法添加解热镇痛类药物的筛查要求。     

Seven New and Two Known Lipopeptides as well as Five Known Polyketides: The Activated Production of Silent Metabolites in a Marine-Derived Fungus by Chemical Mutagenesis Strategy Using Diethyl Sulphate

AD-2-1 is an antitumor fungal mutant obtained by diethyl sulfate mutagenesis of a marine-derived Penicillium purpurogenum G59. The G59 strain originally did not produce any metabolites with antitumor activities in MTT assays using K562 cells. Tracing newly produced metabolites under guidance of MTT assay and TLC analysis by direct comparison with control G59 extract, seven new (1–7) and two known (8–9) lipopeptides were isolated together with five known polyketides 10–14 from the extract of mutant AD-2-1. Structures of the seven new compounds including their absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic and chemical evidences and named as penicimutalides A–G (1–7). Seven known compounds were identified as fellutamide B (8), fellutamide C (9), 1′-O-methylaverantin (10), averantin (11), averufin (12), nidurufin (13), and sterigmatocystin (14). In the MTT assay, 1–14 inhibited several human cancer cell lines to varying extents. All the bioassays and HPLC-photodiode array detector (PDAD)-UV and HPLC-electron spray ionization (ESI)-MS analyses demonstrated that the production of 1–14 in the mutant AD-2-1 was caused by the activated production of silent metabolites in the original G59 fungal strain. Present results provided additional examples for effectiveness of the chemical mutagenesis strategy using diethyl sulphate mutagenesis to discover new compounds by activating silent metabolites in fungal isolates.     

致谢审稿专家

Two agricultural soils were collected from Dahu and Pinchen counties and swine manure compost (SMC) from Pingtung County in Taiwan, China to investigate the sorption and dissipation of three tetracyclines (TCs), i.e., oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC), in compost, soils and soil/compost mixtures with different organic carbon (OC) contents. There were seven treatments in total. TCs were most strongly adsorbed to SMC in all treatments due to the high OC content. When SMC was present in the soils, the sorption of TCs was significantly enhanced, which might be attributed to the increased OC content and CEC. The adsorption of TCs showed non-linear adsorption isotherms and fitted well to the Freundlich model. After 49 d of incubation at 25 oC in soils and soil/compost mixtures in the dark, TCs elapsed in all substrates, with the time required for 50% degradation (DT50) between 20 and 41 d, and the time for 90% degradation (DT90) between 68 and 137 d. Soil amended with compost enhanced the stability of TCs and reduced their mobility. The dissipation of TCs in a soil environment was slow, indicating that these compounds might be persistent in soil.     

猪源大肠埃希氏菌对较新的16种抗生素的敏感性

对从北京某猪场分离的 2 0株猪源大肠埃希氏菌所做的对 1 6种较新抗生素的药敏试验结果表明 ,除对头孢三嗪 ( CRO)、头孢噻甲羧肟 ( CAZ)、头孢噻肟 ( CTX)未产生耐药性外 ,分离菌株对其余 1 3种药物均显示程度不同的耐药。多西环 ( DO)、乙酰螺旋霉素 ( ASP)、杆菌肽 ( B)、新生霉素 ( NB)、氯洁霉素对其无抑制作用。 2 0株耐药菌株中 ,有 1 5种耐药谱型 ,多数为 5耐以上多重联合耐药     

Recherche de bacteries thermophiles resistantes aux antibiotiques dans les bains traditionnels

Three thermophilic bacteria strains, designated strain BS1, BS2 and BS3, resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, and leaving at an optimal temperature for growth of about 50°C, were isolated from traditional baths in Meknes-city in Morocco. Physiological and biochemical studies showed that these organisms belong to Gram positive Bacilli. They could not be identified with the Bergey's Manuel of Systematic Bacteriology (1986). The dosage of β-lactamase during the exponential growth phase has revealed that the strain BS3 produces a maximal amount of this enzyme. Studies aimed at determining the optimal conditions for incubation and growth have been performed in order to optimize the excretion of β-lactamase by BS3 cells and thus facilitate the purification and and characterization of this enzyme.     

兽药磺胺二甲嘧啶在土壤中的生态行为

通过室内培养和土壤薄层层析等实验方法，研究了磺胺二甲嘧啶对土壤微生物的毒性及其在土壤中的降解、迁移特性。结果显示：在土壤磺胺二甲嘧啶浓度为1mg kg^-1时，土壤中细菌和真菌数量明显减少（p〈0．05），但随时间延长，该抑制作用变缓；磺胺二甲嘧啶在土壤中降解缓慢，持留时间久，在灭菌土和未灭菌土中的半衰期分别为223．9d和102．4d，并容易在土壤中迁移和渗漏，迁移系数R大于0．7，迁移和渗漏速度受介质pH的影响，在非中性环境下，移动和渗漏能力增强。表明磺胺二甲嘧啶是一种在土壤中不易被降解、容易迁移和渗漏到水体、对土壤微生物和水体产生危害的新型污染源。     

Novel antibiotics as inhibitors for the selective respiratory inhibition method of measuring fungal:bacterial ratios in soil

The use of the selective inhibition (SI) method for measuring fungal:bacterial ratios may be limited due to biocide selectivity and the overlap of antibiotic activity. This study evaluated novel pairs of antibiotics for their specificity in soils of different origins and their potential reduction in inhibition of non-target organisms. Four soils selected for this study were from a semi-arid shrub-steppe, a loblolly pine forest and two grassland sites (restored and farmed prairie plots). Three bactericides were tested: oxytetracycline hydrochloride, streptomycin sulphate, and bronopol. Three fungicides were tested: captan, ketoconazole, and nystatin. The inhibitor additivity ratio and fungal:bacterial ratios were calculated from control and treated soils where inhibition was measured as CO₂ respiration reduction with biocides. We were able to minimize non-target inhibition by the antibiotics to <5% and thus calculate reliable fungal:bacterial ratios using captan to inhibit fungi in all four soils, and bronopol to inhibit bacteria in three of the four soils. The most successful bactericide in the restored prairie was oxytetracycline-HCl. Our results demonstrate that application of novel antibiotics is not uniformly successful in soils of different origin and that the SI technique requires more than just optimization of antibiotic concentration; it also requires optimization of antibiotic selection.     

鸭大肠杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测(ESBLs)及药物敏感性测定

对国内7个省份临床分离的32株鸭大肠杆菌进行超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测及药物敏感性研究。结果表明,32株分离的鸭大肠杆菌中产ESBLs菌株7株,阳性检出率为21.87%;产ESBLs菌株对常用头孢三代及半合成青霉素类药物的敏感率低于42.9%,耐药率则高于28.6%,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、头孢噻呋的耐药率高达100%。产酶菌株和非产酶菌株对新型头孢四代产品头孢吡肟及碳青霉烯类药物亚胺培南、美罗培南的敏感率高于96%。加酶抑制剂的β-内酰胺类抗生素如阿莫西林/棒酸、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦等对产酶菌株和非产酶菌株的敏感率全部高于未加酶抑制剂的单方药物。产ESBLs菌株存在多重耐药现象,酶抑制剂能够部分解决此类耐药性问题。