广西饮用水水源保护区桉树群落结构及生态功能

为研究广西饮用水水源保护区桉树群落结构及生态功能,利用2015年广西林地与森林资源"一张图",叠加到广西已建县以上城市集中式饮用水水源保护区范围,提取桉树数据进行研究。结果表明:广西饮用水水源保护区桉树群落结构为完整结构的仅占0.8%,复杂结构占63.4%,简单结构多达35.8%;其森林生态功能等级评价结果为"中等"的占47.4%;"差等"的占52.6%,评价为"好"的没有。森林生态功能等级总体表现为中等偏差,对于以强调水源涵养和水土保持功能的饮用水水源保护区来说,显然不是理想的。     

Investigating the persistence of accuracy of genomic predictions over time in broilers

Accuracy of genomic predictions is an important component of the selection response. The objectives of this research were: 1) to investigate trends for prediction accuracies over time in a broiler population of accumulated phenotypes, genotypes, and pedigrees and 2) to test if data from distant generations are useful to maintain prediction accuracies in selection candidates. The data contained 820K phenotypes for a growth trait (GT), 200K for two feed efficiency traits (FE1 and FE2), and 42K for a carcass yield trait (CY). The pedigree included 1,252,619 birds hatched over 7 years, of which 154,318 from the last 4 years were genotyped. Training populations were constructed adding 1 year of data sequentially, persistency of accuracy over time was evaluated using predictions from birds hatched in the three generations following or in the years after the training populations. In the first generation, before genotypes became available for the training populations (first 3 years of data), accuracies remained almost stable with successive additions of phenotypes and pedigree to the accumulated dataset. The inclusion of 1 year of genotypes in addition to 4 years of phenotypes and pedigree in the training population led to increases in accuracy of 54% for GT, 76% for FE1, 110% for CY, and 38% for FE2; on average, 74% of the increase was due to genomics. Prediction accuracies declined faster without than with genomic information in the training populations. When genotypes were unavailable, the average decline in prediction accuracy across traits was 41% from the first to the second generation of validation, and 51% from the second to the third generation of validation. When genotypes were available, the average decline across traits was 14% from the first to the second generation of validation, and 3% from the second to the third generation of validation. Prediction accuracies in the last three generations were the same when the training population included 5 or 2 years of data, and a decrease of ~7% was observed when the training population included only 1 year of data. Training sets including genomic information provided an increase in accuracy and persistence of genomic predictions compared with training sets without genomic data. The two most recent years of pedigree, phenotypic, and genomic data were sufficient to maintain prediction accuracies in selection candidates. Similar conclusions were obtained using validation populations per year.     

流动沙丘先锋植物沙米的生态防护作用

使用野外风速廓线仪与阶梯式集沙仪,对流动沙丘先锋植物沙米及其群落的生态防护作用进行了野外实地观测研究。研究结果表明,沙米植株成塔状,基部分枝,株高变异性、可塑性大,与其他形态指标呈显著正相关,通过测定株高可掌握其基本形态特征。立枯沙米单株可降低风速90%以上,并能阻挡风沙流形成沙舌,沙舌积沙量、高度、长度与沙米体积、高度和冠幅呈显著相关。沙米群落粗糙度达到6.325 cm,是裸露流沙区的2635倍。在裸露流沙区200 cm高度风速为6.2 m/s时,裸露流沙区输沙量达到86.34 g/cm.h,而沙米群落中无风沙流发生;风速为9.5 m/s时,裸露流沙区输沙量也达到沙米群落的574倍。研究认为,在短期(2~3年)和局部空间范围(流动沙丘坡脚与两翼以及裸沙斑块),立枯沙米及其群落具有较明显的防风固沙作用;发达的生殖生长、侧枝系统和侧根系统,枯死后可保留2~3个生长季,是沙米发挥防风固沙作用的关键所在。     

西藏草地生态系统植被碳贮量及其影响因子分析

在广泛收集资料的基础上,利用平均碳密度方法,估算了西藏草地生态系统中17类草地植被的碳贮量,并分析了其影响因子。结果表明:(1)17类草地植被总面积为8 205.194×10~4hm~2,草地植被总碳贮量为189.367 TgC,草地植被平均碳密度为2.308 t/hm~2,不同草地植被类型差异较大,在0.396～20.471 t/hm~2之间波动;(2)从区域分布来看,阿里、那曲、日喀则3地区,既是西藏草地主要的分布区,分布面积占西藏草地总面积的84.156%,又是西藏草地生态系统碳贮量的主要贮藏库,其中植被碳贮量占整个17类草地植被碳贮量的60.278%;(3)采用逐步回归模型和主成分分析方法,分析了气候因子对西藏草地植被碳贮量的影响程度,指出降水对草地植被碳贮量的贡献大于气温。     

洞庭湖湿地净化污染物的研究

利用洞庭湖水文观测站、环境监测站和实地考察资料,分析了洞庭湖湿地对水污染的净化功能。结果表明:每年输入湿地TN 67 0132.47 t,TP 41 103.85 t;输出与净化TN 116 033.27 t,TP 6 892.25 t;贮留净化率分别为17.31%和16.77%;COD输入317 849.26 t,输出3072641.97 t,贮留净化率3.086%;重金属元素、有污染的无机和有机化合物输入量10156.616 t,输出量9732.775 t,贮留净化率4.36%;在输入洞庭湖湿地的污染物中,有54.76%N,44.30%P,81.83%COD和95.59%重金属元素和化合物来自四水(湘、资、沅、澧4条江河)和三口(长江分洪流入的松滋、藕池和太平3口),有94%～99%的污染物是由面源污染引起,点源污染只占1%～6%,因此,在洞庭湖湿地水污染的治理上,控制系统外水系输入比控制湿地周边更重要,控制面源污染比点源污染更重要。     

一种具有实用价值的螺旋线

介绍了一条新型螺旋线，该线有理论推导，可广泛应用于通风机，水泵壳体的型线设计上，有很高的实用价值。该螺旋线能够直接用仪器绘出，可以近似替代其它螺旋线。     

关于f＋a（f＇）^n的值分布

设f（z）为超越亚纯函数，a（≠0）为有穷复数，n（≥2）为正整数．若f（z）没有单重极点，则f＋a（f’）^n取每个有穷复数无穷多次．     

Comparing multipurpose forest management with timber management,incorporating timber,carbon and oxygen values: A case study

Abstract

This paper comparatively examines two forest management planning approaches: multipurpose forest management and traditional timber management, with carbon, timber and oxygen production objectives in mind. The effects of both approaches on carbon and oxygen values were estimated with an oxygen and carbon flow matrix, while timber production was modelled through a growth and yield model. The estimated values were simultaneously integrated into a linear programming model developed for this study. The objective was to maximize the net present value (NPV) of the profits of timber, oxygen and carbon under the constraints of an even flow of timber production and ending forest inventory for each planning approach. The results showed that the ecological and environmental regulations in multipurpose management substantially decreased the NPV of timber production even though they increased the NPV of carbon and oxygen flow. The results also indicated that over a 100 year planning horizon the total NPV of all forest ecosystem values including carbon, timber and oxygen is almost the same (only 1.9% reduction in multipurpose management approach) in both management approaches. Although multipurpose management creates more NPV of carbon and oxygen than timber management does, the latter provides better results in terms of timber production. It is therefore important to take into account the NPV of all apparent and quantifiable forest values in preparing forest management plans, particularly in developing new management planning approaches.     

林分结构与水源涵养功能耦合关系研究——以北京八达岭林场为例

利用2004年北京市八达岭林场的森林资源二类调查数据,选取了林分起源、乔木平均高、郁闭度等14个林分结构因子,通过因子分析的方法,研究了林分结构因子与森林水源涵养功能之间的关系,建立林分结构与功能耦合关系的模型,并根据模型的计算结果,对研究地区各小班进行了综合分析。结果表明,阔叶林小班的水源涵养功能优于针叶林小班,天然林小班优于人工林小班,水源涵养功能较好的小班多具有以下结构特征:天然起源、阔叶林或者混交林,植被总盖度＞75%,林分郁闭度在0.5~0.8,林层结构为复层林,林龄为中龄林及以上。     

植物NAC转录因子的研究进展

近年来,新发现的NAC转录因子是具有多种生物功能的植物特异性转录因子,其N端为150个左右保守的氨基酸组成的NAC结构域。NAC转录因子在植物生长发育、激素调节和抵抗逆境胁迫等方面发挥着重要的作用。就植物NAC转录因子的基本结构特征、生物学功能及其在植物细胞次生壁生物合成过程中的作用进行了综述。