安徽单季稻田绿肥优化配置与稻季氮肥减施效果研究

为了研究豆科和禾本科绿肥适宜的种植模式,提高绿肥的养分资源高效利用。在绿肥季设置了6个处理：（1）冬闲、（2）紫云英单播、（3）毛叶苕子单播、（4）黑麦草单播、（5）紫云英和黑麦草混播、（6）毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播;并在水稻季对5个绿肥处理进行减氮30%,冬闲处理设置常规施肥和减氮30%处理。结果表明,与单播相比,混播增加了鲜草产量,毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播处理鲜草产量最高（31 582 kg·hm^-2）,同时其氮素积累量显著高于紫云英和黑麦草处理;种植绿肥有利于提高土壤的养分含量,其中黑麦草有机质含量提升最大,较冬闲处理增幅11.25%,豆科和禾本科绿肥混播后,土壤全氮和速效钾的含量显著高于单播黑麦草处理;同时利用冬闲田种植利用绿肥有利于提高水稻产量,其中毛叶苕子、毛叶苕子+黑麦草、紫云英、紫云英+黑麦草处理的水稻产量与100%N处理无显著差异。综上,毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播种植不仅增加绿肥鲜草产量和养分积累量,且提高土壤肥力,同时在减施氮肥下仍获得稳产,是本试验区域内最优的混播种植模式。     

Structure of xylan from culms of bamboo grass (Sasa senanensis Rehd.)

Xylan prepared from culms of kumaizasa (Sasa senanensis Rehd.), a representative species of bamboo grass, was hydrolyzed with-xylanase ofStreptomyces olivaceoviridis E-86. Four arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides and two glucuronoxylo-oligosaccharides were isolated from the enzymatic hydrolysate of the xylan by chromatography on a charcoal column, a Dowex 1-x8 column, a Toyo-pearl HW-40S column, and a LiChrospher 100 NH₂ column and on preparative paper chromatography. The results of the structural analyses of the saccharides showed that the isolated oligosaccharides had the structures of 3²--l-arabinofuranosyl-xylobiose, 3²--l-arabinofuranosyl-xylotriose, 3²--[-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 2)-l-arabinofuranosyl]-xylobiose, 3³--[-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 2)-l-arabinofuranosyl]-xylotriose, 2³--4-O-methyl-d-glucuronosyl-xylotriose, and 2³--d-glucuronosyl-xylotriose. From the structural analysis of the oligosaccharides derived from the xylan, kumaizasa xylan was concluded to be a kind of arabinoglucuronoxylan having not only stubs of singlel-arabinose and singled-glucuronic acid but also stubs of disaccharide units such as-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 2)-l-arabinofuranose.     

建立山水林田湖草一体化国家公园的机遇分析

指出了推动山水林田湖草一体化国家公园建设,对于我国生态文明建设理论与实践具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。近年来,国家公园建设取得显著成效和积极进展,但同时我国国家公园仍面临诸多问题与挑战,如环境资源保护及人地关系矛盾突出、景区划分混乱及配套设置薄弱、生态保护及自我保护意识薄弱、治理机制不严格等。特别是目前我国新型冠状病毒疫情的爆发,更是反映出我国国民对于生态保护及自我保护意识的薄弱问题。为此,提出了通过签订保护地役权、分区建设、多方合作、联合发展及完善治理体系等四大措施积极推动我国山水林田湖草一体化国家公园体制建设。     

Landscaping and performance of some aesthetic plant species in hot, arid conditions of India

Establishment of ornamental and aesthetic plants in hot, arid conditions of India is difficult due to the prevailing climatic, edaphic and biotic factors. Effect of turfgrass on the growth of ornamental plants in hot arid conditions has not been studied so far anywhere in the world. A study was conducted on the campus of Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, India to assess the performance of a few ornamental plant species in combination with turfgrass and without turfgrass with respect to different soil tilling intervals. Growth of plants was better with turfgrass than without turfgrass. We suggest adopting a soil tilling interval of 30 days to achieve optimum growth of ornamental plant species in terms of height and crown diameter. Our results can help reduce labor costs and achieving better landscapes in fewer days in hot urban conditions of Indian sub continent.     

Silvopastoral systems improve carbon stocks at livestock ranches in Tabasco,Mexico

Silvopastoral systems have great potential for storing carbon because of carbon assimilation in tree woody biomass, carbon input through litterfall and below-ground carbon turnover. In this study, we quantified and compared the carbon stocks at livestock ranches in Tabasco, Mexico, containing either scattered trees in grazing pastures (STP) or grass monocultures. Sampling plots were randomly established at each ranch where the above- and below-ground carbon stocks, carbon input from litterfall, grass production and arboreal biomass growth were measured. We found that silvopastoral systems stored an average of 257.45 Mg ha⁻¹ of soil organic carbon (SOC) compared to 119.17 Mg SOC ha⁻¹ at grass monoculture ranches (to 30 cm depth); silvopastoral systems also stored 44.64 Mg C ha⁻¹ in wood biomass; and, grass monocultures had greater cumulative grass biomass production. Overall, it is concluded that livestock ranches in Tabasco, Mexico, with scattered trees in grazing pastures stored 58.8% more carbon than those grass monocultures, with carbon stocks of 327.01 Mg C ha⁻¹and 134.47 Mg C ha⁻¹, respectively. The results are useful for land management decision making for sustainable livestock systems framed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).     

施肥对饲草高粱生长及营养品质的影响

研究施用氮、磷,钾肥对饲草高粱生长及营养品质动态的影响结果表明,氮肥、磷肥和钾肥配合施用可大幅提高饲草高粱生物产量,增加饲草高粱植株粗蛋白质、粗纤维和粗脂肪的单位面积产出量;氮素是影响高粱生物产量的首要养分因素,其次为磷素,第三是钾素;饲草高粱植株高度以及粗蛋白质、粗纤维和粗脂肪含量的变化规律,主要取决于品种特性;施肥主要通过影响饲草高粱生物产量,对饲草高粱植株粗蛋白质、粗纤维和粗脂肪的单位面积产出量产生作用.从饲草高粱的生物产量和品质综合考虑,确定饲草高粱的适宜收割期,以开花末期至成熟中期之间为宜,过早收割饲草高粱生物产量较低,过晚收割则饲草高粱生物产量较低且品质变劣.     

Effects of lysine and methionine supplementation on growth,body composition and digestive function of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed plant protein diets using high‐level canola meal

A 76‐day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of Lysine and Methionine supplementation on growth and digestive capacity of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed plant protein diets using high‐level canola meal (CM). Fish with initial average weight 103.9 ± 0.6 g were fed three extruded diets. Fish meal (FM) diet was formulated as the normal control with 40 g kg^?1 FM and 300 g kg^?1 CM; CM diet was prepared by replacing all FM with CM (total 340 g kg^?1) without Lys or Met supplementation; CM supplement (CMS) diet was similar to CM diet but was supplemented with essential amino acids (EAA) to ensure the levels of Lys and Met similar to those in the FM diet. Feed intake, feed efficiency and specific growth rate of the grass carp fed CMS and FM diets were similar (P > 0.05), but higher than those of the grass carp fed CM diet (P < 0.05). The hepatosomatic index, relative gut length, intestosomatic index and intestinal folds height were significantly improved in fish fed FM and CMS diets as compared to CM diet (P < 0.05). Lower activities of trypsin, lipase and amylase in hepatopancreas were observed in fish fed CM diet (P < 0.05). Three hundred and forty gram per kilogram CM without Lys or Met supplementation significantly decreased trypsin, lipase and amylase mRNA levels in hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the high supply of CM (340 g kg^?1) in plant protein (200 g kg^?1 soybean meal and 100 g kg^?1 cottonseed meal) diets decreased digestive ability through decreasing digestive enzyme activities and enzyme gene's expressions of grass carp, and these side effects can be reversed by supplementing Lys and Met. Therefore, CM could be high level used in a plant protein blend‐based extruded diet for grass carp as long as EAA were supplemented.     

紫外线诱变建立草鱼抗出血病病原病毒的AHZC88细胞株

通过UV对草鱼出血病病原病毒敏感的草鱼ZC 7901细胞株反覆诱变,获得了对出血病病原病毒具有抗性的AHZC 88细胞株。经生物学特性测定,AHZC 88细胞的染色体2n=48,温度适应范围4°～38℃,最适生长温度27℃,分裂指数在36小时时达最高值。经病原病毒的人工侵染等试验表明,AHZC 88细胞不受草鱼出血病病毒感染。在电镜切片观察中,细胞内不见病毒颗粒。LDH同工酶分析,比敏感细胞少1条酶带。     

四氯乙烯和镉联合胁迫对草鱼SOD和POD活性影响

为了考察超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)是否可以作为四氯乙烯(PCE)和镉(Cd2+)联合污染生物指标,采用静水生物测试法,研究了PCE和Cd2+联合胁迫对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肝胰脏、肾脏和鳃组织SOD以及肝胰脏、肾脏POD的影响。结果表明:(1)PCE和Cd2+复合污染胁迫时,草鱼肝胰脏SOD随着时间变化呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,且最高浓度组始终低于对照;(2)肾脏SOD在所有暴露浓度组随着时间变化呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,除最低浓度组在120 h显著高于对照外,其他均显著低于对照;(3)鳃组织SOD也呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,但始终低于对照;(4)高浓度组(1/4TU和1/2TU)草鱼肝胰脏和肾脏POD活性随着暴露时间变化呈"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,但肝胰脏和肾脏的POD活性始终显著低于对照(P0.05);(5)草鱼鳃组织SOD活性明显低于肝胰脏和肾脏。PCE和Cd2+分别破坏了酶的蛋白结构和诱导了鱼体细胞膜的脂质过氧化,二者联合污染比单一污染加剧了草鱼的毒性效应。     

川西北高寒草地潜在生态草种营养成分的比较研究

对四川西北部高寒草甸草地的5种潜在生态草种不同生育期的营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,各草种不同生育期的粗水分、干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分等含量不同.其中赖草的干物质、蛋白质、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物和粗灰分含量显著高于川草Ⅰ号、川草Ⅱ号、垂穗鹅冠草和硬杆仲冰草等4种草.5种草不同生育期营养成分的分析结果表明,各草种分蘖期和孕穗期的粗水分、粗灰分、蛋白质、粗脂肪以及钙、磷含量明显高于结实期,而粗纤维、干物质和除赖草外的无氮浸出物含量则相反.表明在利用这些草种的过程中应抓好分蘖期的管理工作,以达到充分利用其饲用价值的目的.