不同钾肥用量对莴笋产量和品质的效应

莴笋是中国南北地区广泛栽培和食用的叶类蔬菜之一, 其对氮、磷、钾三要素的吸收量中以钾最大,氮次之,磷最小。钾素作为作为“品质元素”,对莴笋品质形成至关重要。为寻求大田条件下合适的钾肥用量,在田间试验研究了不同钾肥施用量(K1、K2、K3、K4）对莴笋产量和品质的影响。结果表明：不同施肥处理间莴笋产量有显著差异。不同施肥处理提高莴笋产量2.0%～18.5％,增产幅度以K2＞K1＞K3＞K4,增施钾肥处理的增产效率则以K1＞K2＞K3＞K4。与CK1相比,不同施肥处理提高莴笋茎和叶片硝酸盐含量12.9%～140%;增施钾肥降低莴笋茎和叶片硝酸盐含量12.2%～43.8%和20.6%～35.0%,且茎、叶片硝酸盐含量与钾肥用量呈显著的二次回归关系。与CK1处理相比,不同施肥处理对莴笋Vc和可溶性糖含量茎中以负效应为主,叶片中以正效应为主;低K 处理（K1和K2处理）对Vc和可溶性糖含量正效应较大。不同施肥处理对莴笋茎和叶片氨基酸含量的效应以降低作用为主。综合莴笋产量和品质来看,以K2处理（即K2O 150kg/km2）为莴笋高产优质的最佳处理。     

Effect of new sanitizing formulations on quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce

In the present study, three recently patented decontamination agents: peroxyacetic acid combined with lactic acid, and two different combinations of hydrogen peroxide with citric acid (with and without propylene glycol), were compared with sodium hypochlorite and tap water washing regarding their effect on equilibrium modified atmosphere packaged (EMAP) fresh-cut iceberg lettuce. Effects of these sanitizers on respiration rate, electrolyte leakage, microbial levels, and sensory quality of the product after decontamination and during storage (3 d at 4 °C followed by 4 d at 7 °C) were elucidated. Hydrogen peroxide based sanitizers provoked a significant increase in the respiration rate and the electrolyte leakage of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce compared with tap water washing. Peroxyacetic acid combined with lactic acid resulted in similar results to those of tap water washing for all the parameters analyzed. However, other aspects of the combination of peroxyacetic and lactic acids (e.g. efficacy for cross-contamination avoidance) should be assessed in the future in order to determine its suitability for fresh-cut iceberg lettuce processing.     

莴笋多酚氧化酶的酶学特性研究

采用分光光度法测定莴笋多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,考察底物特异性、pH值、温度、热稳定性、底物浓度、金属离子及抑制剂对PPO酶活特性的影响,研究莴笋PPO酶学特性。结果表明,莴笋PPO的最适底物为邻苯二酚,最适pH值5.0,最适温度25℃;90℃热处理60 s莴笋PPO酶活基本完全丧失;莴笋PPO最适底物浓度为0.10 mol/L,PPO酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程,相应的动力学参数Km=0.667 mol/L,Vmax=826.4 OD/min;Mg2+、Ca2+、Mn2+、Zn2+对PPO酶活有一定的的抑制作用,Cu2+和Fe3+对PPO酶活有一定的促进作用;五种抑制剂对抑制莴笋PPO酶活力均具有一定的作用,且抑制作用随抑制剂浓度的增大而加强,试验范围内抑制作用由强到弱依次为:抗坏血酸L-半胱氨酸Na HSO3柠檬酸EDTA,抗坏血酸对莴笋PPO酶活的抑制效果最佳。     

Identifying lettuce species (Lactuca subsect. Lactuca, Asteraceae): A practical application of flow cytometry

The wild lettuce species L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. virosa are important genitors in lettuce (L. sativa) breeding. Identifying these wild species can be problematic because in some cases they look very similar. Flow cytometry was tested for its reliability and general applicability as a tool to distinguish them. Three series of tests were conducted: (1) Tests with three accessions of L. sativa and one accession of each of the wild species, repeated three times throughout the year. In each repeat, the mean relative DNA amount of L. serriola was significantly higher than that of L. saligna, but significantly lower than that of L. virosa. The mean relative DNA amount of L. sativa did not differ from that of L. serriola.(2) Tests with each wild species represented by 10 accessions. Significant differences between the accessions within each species demonstrated the presence of intraspecific variation. Notwithstanding this intraspecific variation, the relative DNA amounts of all accessions of L. serriola were significantly higher than that of all L. saligna accessions, and significantly lower than that of all L. virosa accessions. Therefore, all accessions could be assigned to the appropriate species on the basis of their DNA amounts. (3) Tests with single plants from 10 accessions of each of the wild species. These test revealed that individual plants of L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. virosa can be reliably identified with flow cytometry, when aL. serriola sample of established identity is used as internal reference. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于能量平衡的设施蔬菜收获机拉拔切割过程力学特性分析

为深入研究设施蔬菜收获机拉拔切割过程力学特性及其切割机理,该文以生菜根茎部为蔬菜收获机切割特例,自行设计和改造了一台可对切割力和刀具位移进行实时测量的蔬菜根茎部切割装置,并对处于拉拔状态下的生菜根茎部进行了切割试验。根据试验结果分析,将整个切割过程分为变形阶段、破裂阶段和切割阶段,并利用能量平衡理论分析了各个阶段能量之间的转化关系。利用指数函数对变形阶段切割力进行了数学拟合建模,误差在-5.3%~7.8%;利用能量法分析推导出了切割阶段的切割力数学模型,误差在-9.6%~8.2%;破裂阶段的切割力模型简化为直线减小。试验和模型所得切割力曲线得到了很好的吻合,证明了对生菜根茎部切割过程建模的正确性。研究结果表明:拉拔力有利于减小切割阶段的切割力,但过大的拉拔力容易导致切割断口不平齐、收获效果不佳。该研究结果有助于理解蔬菜根茎部切割特性及其切割机理,可为今后改进蔬菜切割装置提供参考。     

Heterosis in crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) hybrids

Summary Six of 16 F₁ hybrids from diverse crosses of crisphead lettuce with butterhead, cos or other crispheads significantly outyielded their respective better parent. Four were crosses between crisphead and cos parents, one was a butterhead × crisphead cross and one, a winter crisphead × winter crisphead cross. This latter hybrid plus one other also proved heterotic in a subsequent trial of ten crosses involving five winter crisphead parents, with yield excesses over better parent of 16 and 19%. It appeared significant that the heterotic crosses were given by parents of dissimilar origin. Trials of F₂ segregants from one of these heterotic hybrids enabled predictions to be made for 10.2 to 24.1% yield increases over better parent by the retention and clonal multiplication of the 10% highest yielding selections. Heterosis demonstrated in these trials may constitute the first reported cases in lettuce.     

Inheritance of partial resistance to Myzus persicae in lettuce

Summary The genetics of partial resistance of lettuce to Myzus persicae was studied using F₁ and F₂ generations of two crosses between a susceptible and partially resistant accession (Norden x Batacer and Liba x Norden) and three crosses in which both parents were partially resistant (Batavia la Brillante x Batacer, Batacer x Liba and CGN4741 x Batacer). Partial resistance to M. persicae inherited quantitatively, without important dominance effects. Only in the cross Batacer x Liba were significant departures of the F₁ and F₂ from the midparent found, which were probably caused by epistatic effects. Reciprocal F₁s had similar resistance levels, indicating the absence of cytoplasmic or other maternal effects. Estimates of broad-sense heritability ranged from 0.34 to 0.61. The results indicated that lines with an improved resistance level can be obtained from crosses between partially resistant accessions, preferably by line selection or the application of indirect marker aided selection.Abbreviations PR partial resistance, partially resistant - S susceptibility, susceptible     

Impacts of different water salinity levels on salt tolerance,water use,yield, and growth of chives (Allium schoenoprasum)

ABSTRACT

Using saline irrigation water for crop production continues to gain more importance year by year, especially in regions where freshwater resources are very scarce. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of six water salinity levels (0.38 (control), 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 dSm^?1) on salt tolerance, evapotranspiration, and yield of chives under a rain shelter. The experiment was laid out in pots using a randomized plot design with four replicates of each treatment. Leaf fresh-dry weights, plant height, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiencies of chive plants were significantly affected by increasing levels of salinity. The results revealed that chives can be classified as a salt-sensitive crop with a threshold value of 1.13 dSm^?1 and relative yield decreased by 6.19% per unit increase of soil salinity. In conclusion, with appropriate leaching management practices, irrigation water with 0.38 dSm^?1 salinity level is recommended for chives production.     

Effects of Soil Application of Amino Acids,Ammonium, and Nitrate on Nutrient Accumulation and Growth Characteristics of Sweet Basil

ABSTRACT

The use of organic or reduced form of nitrogen (N) can have various beneficial effects in terms of plant nutrient uptake, metabolism, and environmental issues. In this study, the influence of soil application of reduced N-forms (ammonium, glycine, and glutamine) compared to nitrate and a no fertilizer treatment was evaluated on growth characteristics of sweet basil (Occimum basilicum L.) under a moderate lime soil conditions. The basil growth traits including root and shoot biomass were increased under application of reduced N-forms mainly glycine and glutamine compared to no fertilizer treatment. Application of reduced forms of nitrogen (ammonium, glycine, and glutamine) increased the leaf concentrations of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), whereas the leaf N concentration was increased by ammonium and nitrate fertilization compared to unfertilized control plants. The results indicate that soil application of reduced N-forms particularly glycine and glutamine is superior to nitrate application.     

Effects of the Incorporation of Phosphorus and Iron into Arsenic-Spiked Artificial Soils on Root Growth of Lettuce using Response Surface Methodology

We investigated effects of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) on root elongation (RE) of lettuce in arsenic (As)–spiked soils using response surface methodology (RSM). To stabilize interactions between As and Fe in a soil preparation, the sequential incorporation method using Fe and P (SIM_Fe-P) was applied. From a phytotoxicity assay, As in roots (As_root) was negatively associated with RE, Fe in soils, and P in roots and soils. The P in roots was also positively related to RE. In a model study, As and interaction factor between P and Fe showed negative coefficients but others showed positive ones. From a confirmation study, RE on exposure to As was verified to be much greater in soils treated by SIM_Fe-P than in soils separately treated with both elements. These results indicated that application of SIM_Fe-P to As-contaminated soils might be expected to have an advantage during the early stage of plant root growth.